Storage of carbon dioxide

Eppley RW (1989) New production history, methods, problems. In Productivity of the ocean Present and past. Berger WH, Smetacek VS, Wefer G (eds) John Wiley Sons, Chichester, p 85-97 Feely RA, Sabine CL, Takahashi T, Wanninfhof R (2001) Uptake and storage of carbon dioxide in the ocean The Global CO2 Survey. Oceanogr 14 18-32... 

Holloway S., Pearce J., et al. Natural emissions of C02 from the geosphere and their bearing on the geological storage of carbon dioxide. 2007 Energy Conversion and Management 32 1194—1201. 

Celia M.A. and NordbottenJ.M. Practical modeling approaches for geological storage of carbon dioxide. 2009 Ground Water 47 627-638. 

Ennis-King J.P. and Paterson L. Role of convective mixing in the long-term storage of carbon dioxide in deep saline formations. 2003 SPE 10 349-356. 

Vangkilde-pedersen T., AnthonsenK.L., et al. Assessment European capacity for geological storage of carbon dioxide -the EU GeoCapacity project. 2009 Energy Pro-cedia 1(1) 2663. 

Freund, P. and Ormerod, W.G., Progress toward storage of carbon dioxide, Energ. Corners. Manag., 38(Suppl.), S199-S204,1997. 

For the last part of the process chain, the geological storage of C02, an important step has been achieved in the EU by a Directive on the geological storage of carbon dioxide (EC, 2008), closing a gap that has been discussed in the scientific community and by enterprise representatives of C02 intensive industries for a long time.7... 

Storage of carbon dioxide by carbon capture and sequestration solutions for fossil fuels this is often not seen as a long-term solution and exploratory studies indicate that carbon sequestration may not be acceptable to the public (Whitmarsh et al., 2006) ... 

Millward AR, Yaghi OM Metal-Organic frameworks with exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxide at room temperature, . Am. Chem. Soc. 2005,127,17998-17999. 

Walsh, J.J., Premuzic, E.T., Gaffney, J.S., Rowe, GT., Harbottle, G, Stoenner, R.W., Balsam, W.L., Betzer, P.R., and Macko, S.A. (1985) Organic storage of carbon dioxide on the continental slope off the Mid-Atlantic Bight, the southeastern Bering... 

P. Freund and W.G. Ormerod, Progress Toward Storage of Carbon Dioxide. Energy Conv. Manag. 38, 199-204 (1997). 

Very large channels are known from numerous porous MOFs (metal-organic frameworks). For example, exceptionally high capacities for storage of carbon dioxide at room temperature and pressures up to 45 bar have been claimed for some of these [82]. 

There are a number of possibilities for the bulk storage of carbon dioxide, the most important of which are reviewed below. 

Studies have shown that the storage of carbon dioxide is possible in various geological settings. The main candidates are sedimentary basins, e.g., oil and gas reservoirs (working or abandoned), deep unmineable coal-seams and saline formations (aquifers). Sub-surface storage can take place at both on-shore and off-shore locations access to the latter is via pipelines from the shore or from off-shore platforms. Other prospective sites for storage include salt caverns, basalts, oil/gas shales and disused mines. The various options are shown schematically in Figure 3.4. 

Figure 3.4 Options for the geological storage of carbon dioxide. 1. Deep unused saline formations (aquifers). 2. Use of carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery. 3. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs. 4. Deep unmineable coal seams. 5. Use of carbon dioxide in enhanced coal-bed methane recovery. 6. Other suggested options (e.g., salt caverns, basalts, oil/gas shales, disused mines)." (Courtesy of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).

Geological surveys of sedimentary basins are being carried out in various parts of the world (e.g., Australia, Canada, Europe, Japan, USA) to establish the potential for storage of carbon dioxide. A comprehensive analysis of Australian saline aquifers has concluded that it would be possible to accommodate all of the carbon dioxide from the country s power stations for many hundreds of years at current emission rates. A demonstration project is planned... 

Schematic of storage of carbon dioxide at the Sleipner gas field. (Courtesy of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).

F.M. Orr Jr., Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Geologic Formations, Distinguished Author Series, Journal of Petroleum Technology, Society of Petroleum Engineers, paper SPE 88842, September 2004. 

W.G. Ormerod, P. Freund and A. Smith (eds.), with revisions by J. Davison, Ocean Storage of Carbon Dioxide, 2nd Edition, March 2002, Report by the lEA Greenhouse Gas R D Programme, Cheltenham, 2002. 

CCS technologies are in the forefront of measures to enjoy clean coal. CCS involves two distinct aspects (1) capture and (2) storage of carbon dioxide. 

Kowalczyk P, Furmaniak S, Gauden PA, Terzyk AP (2010) Optimal single-waUed carbon nanotube vessels for short-term reversible storage of carbon dioxide at ambient temperatures. J Phys Chem C 114 21465-21473... 

Panda T, Pachfule P, Chen Y et al (2011) Amino functionalized zeolitic tetrazolate framework (ZTF) with high capacity for storage of carbon dioxide. Chem Commun 47 2011-2013... 

Altunina LK, Kuvshinov VA, Dolgikh SN (2006) In Lombardi S, Altunina LK, Beaubien SE (eds) Advances in the geological storage of carbon dioxide. NATO Science Series IV earth and environmental sciences, vol. 65. Springer, Netherlands, p.l03... 

Geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) Geoscience, technologies, environmental aspects and legal frameworks... 

The capture and geological storage of carbon dioxide is one of the routes to provide carbon-lean electricity and is seen as a technology that may bridge the gap between the current C02-intensive electricity production and a future where renewable sources provide the bulk of the electricity (40). For the power generation sector, several options are in development for the capture of CO2. Postcombustion CO2 capture removes the CO2 from the flue gases of a power plant, using chemical solvents. Alternatively, combustion of coal or natural gas can be carried out... 

One example is the situation that arose concerning the underground storage of carbon dioxide. Government (CATO) setup amajorprogramme to study this. Trade and industry quickly became active participants. The unanimous opinion was that underground storage of carbon dioxide in residential areas could not pose any major threats to physical safety. 

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