Carbon geologic

Roy, W.R. and Krapac, I.G. Adsorption and desorption of atrazine and deethylatrazine by low organic carbon geologic materials,/. Environ. Qual, 23(3) 549-556, 1994. 

Mora C. I., Driese S. G., and Seager P. G. (1991) Carbon dioxide in the Paleozoic atmosphere evidence from carbon-isotope compositions of pedogenic carbonate. Geology 19, 1017-1020. 

Maclay, R. W., and Small, T. A., 1984, Carbonate geology and hydrology of the Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas, United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 83-537. 

Goldhammer, R.K., Dunn, P.A., and Hardie, L.A. 1990. Depositional cycles, composite sea-level changes, cycle stacking patterns, and the heirarchy of stratigraphic forcing Examples from Alpine Triassic platform carbonates. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102 535-562. 

Roy, WR. and LG. Krapac. Adsorption and Desorption of Atrazine and Deethylatrazine by Low Organic Carbon Geologic Materials, J. Environ. Qual, 23 549-556 (1994). 

Dissolution and replacement. Some minerals, in particular carbonates, are not chemically stable over a range of pressures, temperatures and pH. Therefore there will be a tendency over geologic time to change to a more stable variety as shown in Figure 5.12. 

Alkanes from CH to C4gFlg2 typically appear in crude oil, and represent up to 20% of the oil by volume. The alkanes are largely chemically inert (hence the name paraffins, meaning little affinity), owing to the fact that the carbon bonds are fully saturated and therefore cannot be broken to form new bonds with other atoms. This probably explains why they remain unchanged over long periods of geological time, despite their exposure to elevated temperatures and pressures. 

Carbonate Reservoir Characterization A Geologic-Engineering Analysis, Part I... 

Site characterization studies include a surface-based testing program, potential environmental impact, and societal aspects of the repository. Performance assessment considers both the engineered barriers and the geologic environment. Among features being studied are the normal water flow, some release of carbon-14, and abnormal events such as volcanic activity and human intmsion. The expected date for operation of the repository is 2013. 

W. F. Libby (Los Angeles) use of carbon-14 for age determination in archeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science. 

Natural gas, found in geological accumulations, normally refers to the gaseous fossil-based equivalent of oil. Its composition varies widely, from high concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide to (almost) pure methane. In general, it contains low concentrations of the higher (saturated) hydrocarbons, which influence the physical properties and may present condensation problems in high-pressure transport lines. 

Another problem is when the carbon dioxide content of natural gas is too high and must be lowered to produce pipeline-quality gas. Although the current practice is to vent this CO, sequestration of CO, in underground geologic formations is being considered. Already, in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, CO, has been injected into saline aquifers at a rate of 1 million tons a year to avoid... 

It is estimated that the earth s age is in the neighborhood of 4 to 7 billion years. These estimates are basically derived from carbon-14, potassium-40, uranium-235, and uranium-238 dating of earth rocks and meteorites. The meteorites give important data as to the age of our solar system. Geologic time is felt to be represented by the presence of rock intervals in the geologic column (layers of rock formations in vertical depth) or by the absence of equivalent rocks in correlative columns in adjacent locations [25,26]. The two basic factors that are used to determine geologic time are ... 

Thus, coal is not pure carbon. The hardest coal, anthracite, may contain from 85 to 95% carbon the softest, peat, is not really coal at all but one of the early stages in the geological... 

The amount of hardness present in natural surface and groundwaters depends to a large extent on the action of dissolved carbon dioxide in rainwater on the watershed s geological formations (such as limestone, dolomite, gypsum, or magnesite). The dissolved hardness levels remain relatively low because of the sparingly soluble nature of the salts formed. Typically, MU water sources initially contain anywhere from 5... 

Sorption of plutonium (l.fixlO-11 M) and americium (2xl0-9 M) in artificial groundwater (salt concentration 300 mg/liter total carbonate 120 mg/liter Ref. 59) on some geologic minerals, quartz, biotite, o apatite, o attapulgite, montmorillonite. Dashed lines indicate the range for major minerals in igneous rocks. Experimental conditions room temperature, particle size 0.04-0.06 mm, solid/liquid ratio 6-10 g/1, aerated system, contact time 6 days. 

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