Storage geologic

Fried, S., Ed. "Radioactive Waste in Geologic Storage" ACS Symposium Series No 100 American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1979. 

Table 3. Possible types of leakage of C02 in a geological storage [13,14,15].

In general, the area of C02 utilisation for carbon storage is relatively new and less well known compared to other storage approaches, such as geologic storage. Thus, more exploratory technological investigations are needed to discover new applications and new reactions. 

Carbon Dioxide Geological Storage (CGS) - Current Status and Opportunities... 

Figure 2. Techno-Economic Resource Pyramid for capacity estimation in C02 geological storage.

Holloway S., Pearce J., et al. Natural emissions of C02 from the geosphere and their bearing on the geological storage of carbon dioxide. 2007 Energy Conversion and Management 32 1194—1201. 

Celia M.A. and NordbottenJ.M. Practical modeling approaches for geological storage of carbon dioxide. 2009 Ground Water 47 627-638. 

CamaraG.A.B., Andrade J.C.S., et al. Regulatory framework for geological storage of C02 in Brazil-analyses and proposal. 2011 International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 5(4) 966-974. 

Spencer K.L., Bradshaw et al. Regional storage capacity estimates Prospectivity not statistics. 2010 C02 geological Storage Solution (CGSS), Australia. 

Michael K., G. A., Shulakova V., Ennis-King J., Allinson G., Sharma S., Aiken T. Geological storage of C02 in saline aquifers-A review of the experience from existing storage operations. 2010 International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 4 659-667. 

Vangkilde-pedersen T., AnthonsenK.L., et al. Assessment European capacity for geological storage of carbon dioxide -the EU GeoCapacity project. 2009 Energy Pro-cedia 1(1) 2663. 

Jiang X. A review of physical modeling and numerical simulation of long-term geological storage of C02. 2011 Journal of Applied Energy 88 3557-3566. 

Doughty C., Freifield B., et al. Site characterization of C02 geological storage and vice versa the Frio brine pilot, Texas, USA as a case study. 2008 Environmental Geology 54 1635-1656. 

Forster A., Norden B., et al. Baseline characterization of the C02SINK geological storage site atKetzin, Germany. 2006 Environmental Geosciences 13 145-161. 

Apps, J.A., A Review of Hazardous Chemical Species Associated with C02 Capture from Coal-Fired Power Plants and Their Potential Fate in C02 Geologic Storage, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2006. 

Gale, ]., Geological storage of C02, What do we know, where are the gaps and what more needs to be done Energy, 29,1329-1338,2004. 

Principal Consultant for the Alberta Research Council (C02 Geological Storage) CEO of G BACH Enterprises Inc., 11239 63 Street, Edmonton, AB, T5W 4E5 CANADA 4 Computer Modelling Group Ltd., 3512-33 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2L 2A6 CANADA... 

The project has found techniques that reduce costs for geological carbon storage by up to 60%. Although more savings are needed before economical large scale operations. Geological storage is one option that could play an important part in carbon dioxide control. 

Transportation of C02 by ships is suitable for offshore geological C02 storage and is favourable for longer distances (Heddle et al., 2003). One of the options where the use of ships could be favourable is the transportation of C02 from the onshore harbour with an intermediate storage facility to the underground geological storage site located offshore. There, C02 could be transferred into an injection well via a vertical pipeline. Ships would most probably come into play to supply offshore enhanced oil recovery projects with C02 (compare, e.g., Barrio et al., 2004). 

Probably the most important options for geological storage are storage in oil and gas fields, storage in saline aquifers and storage in coal seams. Further, there are options like the storage in abandoned mines or in salt caverns (see Table 6.1). 

Table 6.2. Estimated storage potential of the most promising geological storage options...

For the last part of the process chain, the geological storage of C02, an important step has been achieved in the EU by a Directive on the geological storage of carbon dioxide (EC, 2008), closing a gap that has been discussed in the scientific community and by enterprise representatives of C02 intensive industries for a long time.7... 

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