Bacillus species

Bacillus sp. These bacteria are gram-positive soil microbes. Members of the Bacillus species supply 58% of iadustrial enzymes sold (19). Eor example, proteases from B. amjloliquefaciens and amylases from B. licheniformis glucose isomerase from B. coagulans are used ia a variety of iadustrial processes (see Enzyme applications-industrial). The proteiaaceous iaclusioas produced by B. thuringiensis are useful as iasect toxias. Thus exteasive fermentation technology has been developed for Bacillus species and low cost media are available (19). 

Table I. Amino Acid Composition of Solubilized Crystalline Toxins of Crystalliferous Bacillus Species...

In general, an adverse environment, and in particular the absence or limited presence of one component, induces spore formation. Examples of such components are alanine, Zn, Fe, POj and, in the case of the aerobic (oxygen-requiring) Bacillus species, oxygen. Equally, certain substances, for instance Ca and Mn, have to be present for the process of spore formation to proceed to completion. 

Setlow P. (1994) Mechanisms which contribute to die long-term smvival of spores of Bacillus species. JAppl Bact Symp Suppl, 16, 49S-60S. 

Crawford RL (1975b) Novel pathway for degradation of protocatechuic acid in Bacillus species. J Bacteriol 121 531-536. 

Ensign JC, SC Rittenberg (1964) The pathway of nicotinic acid oxidation by a Bacillus species. J Biol Chem 239 2285-2291. 

Hirschberg R, JC Ensign (1971a) Oxidation of nicotinic acid by a Bacillus species source of oxygen atoms for hydroxylation of nicotinic acid and 6-hydroxynicotinic acid. J Bacterial 108 757-759. 

Madonna, A. J. Voorhees, K. J. Tarenko, N. I. Laiko, V. V. Doroshenko, V. M. Detection of cychc lipopeptide biomarkers from Bacillus species using atmospheric... 

Sisson, P. R. Kramer, J. M. Brett, M. M. Freeman, R. Gilbert, R. J. Lightfoot, N. F. Application of pyrolysis mass spectrometry to the investigation of outbreaks of food poisoning and non-gastrointestinal infection associated with Bacillus species and Clostridium perfringens. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1992,17, 57-66. 

Subsequently 36 strains of aerobic endospore-forming bacteria, consisting of six Bacillus species and one Brevibacillus species could be discriminated using cluster analysis of ESMS spectra acquired in the positive ion mode (m/z 200-2000).57 The analysis was carried out on harvested, washed bacterial cells suspended in aqueous acidic acetonitrile. The cell suspensions were infused directly into the ionization chamber of the mass spectrometer (LCT, Micromass) using a syringe pump. Replicates of the experiment were performed over a period of six months to randomize variations in the measurements due to possible confounding factors such as instrumental drift. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensionality of the data, fol-... 

Shute, L. A. Gutteridge, C. S. Norris, J. R. Berkeley, R. C. W. Reproducibility of pyrolysis mass spectrometry effect of growth medium and instrument stability on the differentiation of selected Bacillus species. /. Appl. Bacteriol. 1988,64,79-88. 

B. subtilis is the Bacillus species used most, and also the best characterized host [36,37]. A problem with high proteolysis of secreted proteins was solved by constructing the sacB-sacY sucrose-inducible expression system [38] and developing the six protease-deficient strain WB600 or even the eight protease-deficient strain WB800 [39]. Yields can be up to 3 gL-1 media [40]. 

PHAs are synthesized as intracellular energy and carbon storage materials. Therefore, bacterial cells with a high content of poly(3HB) are better able to survive than cells with a low poly(3HB) content [15]. Poly(3HB) also serves as an endogenous carbon and energy source for sporulation in Bacillus species and cyst formation in Azobacter species [16-18] and the majority of bacteria investigated accumulate PHAs in response to a nutrient limitation. The reported... 

Mueller RF, Nielsen PH (1996) Characterization of thermophilic consortia from tTwo souring oil reservoirs. Appl Environ Mcrobiol 62 3083-3087 Niazi JH, Prasad DT, Karegoudar TB (2001) Initial degradation of dimethylphtha-late by esterases from Bacillus species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 196 201-205 Obst M, Krug A, Luftmann H, Steinbuchel A (2005) Degradation of cyanophycin by Sedimentibacter hongkongensis strain KI and Citrobacter amalonaticus... 

Aerobic blood culture growth of large, gram-positive bacilli provides preliminary identification of Bacillus species. 

Simonen, M., and Palva, E (1993). Protein secretion in Bacillus species. Microbiol. Rev. 57, 109-137. 

Fig. 10.14. MALDI spectra of protein extracts from Bacillus species (matrix a-CHCA). (a) B. anthracis (Sterne), (b) B. thuringiensis (4A1), (c) B. cereus (6E1), (d) B. sub-...

Hsu s group in Taiwan have developed a procedure for the synthesis of (Y)-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid, the phenylalanine homologue with one additional methylene group. Hydantoinase and L-A-carbamoylase genes have been cloned from different Bacillus species and overexpressed in E. coli. Both the R- and the 5-enantiomers were cleaved by the hydantoinase, but only the 5-form of the A-carbamoyl amino acid was hydrolyzed by the second enzyme. The reactions could be run in a single pot, with successive addition of the two enzymes, and were successful in the sense of giving a product of high chiral purity. However, the yield was... 

Gram-Positive Bacteria. There are large numbers of grampositive rods in the airborne dust of the carding area whether total or respirable dust is studied. Bacillus species predominate (especially subtills. pumllls, cereus, and megatherium) (5,8,13,... 

Enzymes. Many proteolytic enzymes are formed by both Bacillus species (gram-positive organisms) and various species of fungi, especially Aspergillus. These have been implicated by bys-slnosls. 

The source of the enzymes were from cotton seed (a small amount), from Bacillus species (intermediate amounts), and from fungi (large amounts probably from Aspergillus). The enzymes found in cotton dust caused histamine release that was reduced when enzyme activity was inhibited. 

Gram-Positive or Total Bacteria. Bacillus species are the commonest bacteria in lint, raw cottons, cotton trash, and cotton dust, and may contribute to airborne levels of proteolytic enzymes, but the counts (while high) did not correlate with dust levels, and culture filtrates do not cause histamine release. 

---