Atmosphere global

References 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 45, 56, 61, 64, and 70 and the foUowiag books and reports constitute an excellent Hst for additional study. Reference 7 is an especially useful resource for global atmospheric chemistry. 

Global atmospheric CO2 has increased by approximately 25% since the industrial revolution (circa 1850). The primary source is the combustion of fossil fuels (72). However, recent estimates indicate that biomass burning may comprise 40% of... 

Figure 4-13 shows an example from a three-dimensional model simulation of the global atmospheric sulfur balance (Feichter et al, 1996). The model had a grid resolution of about 500 km in the horizontal and on average 1 km in the vertical. The chemical scheme of the model included emissions of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) from the oceans and SO2 from industrial processes and volcanoes. Atmospheric DMS is oxidized by the hydroxyl radical to form SO2, which, in turn, is further oxidized to sulfuric acid and sulfates by reaction with either hydroxyl radical in the gas phase or with hydrogen peroxide or ozone in cloud droplets. Both SO2 and aerosol sulfate are removed from the atmosphere by dry and wet deposition processes. The reasonable agreement between the simulated and observed wet deposition of sulfate indicates that the most important processes affecting the atmospheric sulfur balance have been adequately treated in the model. 

McPhaden, M. J., Busalacchi, A. J., Cheney, R. et al. (1998). The tropical ocean-global atmosphere observing system A decade of progress. /. Geophys. Res. 103,14169-14240. 

Assuming the current emissions and sinks remain about the same, estimate the global atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio in the year 2050. Now repeat this calculation, but this time assume that the terrestrial biosphere no longer continues to sequester some of this anthropogenic carbon. 

The global atmospheric circulation acts as an enormous filtration system, which depletes high-latitude precipitation of heavy isotope-bearing water molecules. Because of this system, measurements of the stable isotopic composition of the ice sheets and of ocean-floor sediments reveal very important paleo-environmental information (see Sections 18.2.2,18.3.2, and 18.3.3). Here we examine this filtration system at a physical level. This system was first understood by a great Danish geochemist named Willi Dansgaard (Dansgaard, 1964). 

The increasing level of C02 emission is considered one of the major environmental challenges that our planet is facing today. The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a new record in 2013, with C02 at 396 ppm which represents 142% of the concentration of the pre-industrial era [1], Findings of a recent global atmosphere watch reported in a... 

Soil contributes to a greater extent to total carbon storage than do above-ground vegetation in most forests (Johnson and Curtis 2001). The total amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the upper meter of soil is about 1500 x 1015 g C (Eswaran et al. 1993 Batjes 1996), and the global atmospheric pool of CO2 is about 750 x 1015 g C (Harden et al. 1992). The CO2 emission from soil into atmosphere is about 68.0-76.5 1015 g C per year, and this is more than 10 times the CO2 released from fossil fuel combustion (Raich and Potter 1995). Variations in SOC pools and SOM turnover rates, therefore, exert substantial impacts on the carbon cycles of terrestrial ecosystems in terms of carbon sequestration in soil and CO2 emission from soil. 

Kharytonov M., Gritsan, N., and Anisimova,L. Environmental problems connected with air pollution in the industrial regions of Ukraine. In Global atmospheric change and its impact on regional air quality. Barnes, I. (Ed). NATO Science Series, IV Earth and environmental sciences. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002b 16 215-222. 

Volume 48—GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC-BIOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY Ronald G. Prinn... 

Excessive emission of C02 has caused the most dramatic increase in global atmospheric temperature. So many countries governments and researchers pay much attention to how to predict, control and reduce the amount of C02, emission. Compared to the absorption and... 

Ockenden, W.A. Sweetman, A.J. Prest, H.E Steinnes, E. Jones, K.C. 1998b, Toward an understanding of the global atmospheric distribution of persistent organic pollutants The use of semipermeable membrane devices as time-integrated passive samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 2795-2803. 

Given this state of iron limitation, inputs of iron to the open ocean could result in enough new primary production to lower atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Because CO2 is a greenhouse gas, cooling of the global atmosphere could result. This potential... 

Table 6.4 Summary of Gases in Seawater and the Importance of Their Global Atmosphere/Ocean Flux. ...

Paleoclimate information retrieved from marine sediments has been used to reconstruct sea surface temperatures in the western Equatorial Pacific over the past 13,500 y as shown in Figure 25.21. This evidence documents that Earth s temperature has now climbed to a level that has not been seen since 12,000 years ago and is within 1°C of the maximum reached over the past million years. During the past 30 years, the mean surface temperature at this location has been warming at a rate of 0.2°C per decade. This trend is found in most of the other oceans, suggesting that global atmospheric temperatures are now at or near the highest level of the Holocene. 

Hein R, Crutzen PJ, Heimann M. 1997. An inverse modeling approach to investigate the global atmospheric methane cycle. Global Bio geochemical Cycles 11 43-76. 

Slemr F, Danger E. 1992. Increase in global atmospheric concentration of mercury inferred from measurements over the Atlantic Ocean. Nature 355 434-437. 

Price, C., J. Penner, and M. Prather, NO, from Lightning. 2. Constraints from the Global Atmospheric Electric Circuit, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5943-5951 (1997b). 

---