Carbon storage, Chapter

Abstract Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a plastic-like material synthesized by many bacteria. PHA serves as an energy and carbon storage componnd for the bacteria. PHA can be extracted and purified from the bacterial cells and the resulting product resembles some commodity plastics such as polypropylene. Because PHA is a microbial product, there are natural enzymes that can degrade and decompose PHA. Therefore, PHA is an attractive material that can be developed as a bio-based and biodegradable plastic. In addition, PHA is also known to be biocompatible and can be used in medical devices and also as bioresorbable tissue engineering scaffolds. In this chapter, a brief introduction about PHA and the fermentation feedstock for its production are given. 

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), also known as microbial polyesters , or bacterial plastics are biosynthetic, biocomapatible, and biodegradable thermoplastics. They are bacterial storage polymers produced by various microorganisms (e.g., A.eutrophus, P.oleovorans, R.rubrum, Rb.spaeroides) in response to nutrient limitation occuring in the presence of an excess of carbon (see Chapters 9 and 10), and function as intracellular reserves of carbon and energy as well as ion sinks. 

Bogner, J., Spokas, K. 1995. Carbon storage in landfills, Chapter 5. In Lai, R. et al. (eds). Soils and global change. Advances in Soil Science Series. CRC Lewis Publications, Boca Raton, Florida. 

After stoppage, samples are often stored before the measurement, which requires a low relative humidity to prevent further hydration. The four main PC clinker phases do not adsorb significant amounts of water vapour at relative humidity below 55% see Dubina et al. (2011) and Table 1.1. Sample storage can lead to carbonation (see Chapter 5), especially if the sample is already ground to the high fineness needed for many of the analytical methods. Carbonation issues are especially of relevance if portlandite is... 

Carbon capture and storage technology is the most promising technology to significantly decrease C02 emissions. Nevertheless, it may be possible to use C02 as a raw material for other industrial uses. In this chapter, authors explain both ways to decrease C02 emissions. 

In this chapter, authors review the carbon capture, storage technology (including the C02 transport through pipeline), and C02 utilisation technologies. 

Pex, P.P.A.C. and Y.C. van Delft, Silica membranes for hydrogen fuel production by membrane water gas shift reaction and development of a mathematical model for a membrane reactor, in Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations—Results from the C02 Capture Project Capture and Separation of Carbon Dioxide from Combustion Sources, eds., D. Thomas, and B. Sally, Vol. 1, Chapter 17, 2005. 

This chapter describes the storage of hydrogen in several forms of carbon, ranging from amorphous activated carbon (AC) to the ordered forms such as graphite and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Carbon materials can be utilized for hydrogen storage in the following different ways ... 

Applications of activated carbons are discussed in Chapters 8-10, including their use in the automotive arena as evaporative loss emission traps (Chapter 8), and in vehicle natural gas storage tanks (Chapter 9). The use of evaporative loss emission traps has been federally mandated in the U.S. and Europe. Consequently, a significant effort has been expended to develop a carbon adsorbent properly optimized for evaporative loss control, and to design the on board vapor collection and disposal system. The manufacture of activated carbons, and their preferred characteristics for fuel emissions control are discussed in Chapter 8, along with the essential features of a vehicle evaporative loss emission control system. 

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