Sequestration carbon

Carbon sequestration is the capture and storage of carbon that would otherwise be emitted or remain in the atmosphere. Terrestrial ecosystems, which consist of vegetation and soils containing microbial and invertebrate communities, sequester CO2 directly from the atmosphere. The terrestrial ecosystem is essentially a huge natural biological scrubber for CO2 from all sources of fossil fuel emission, such as automobiles, power plants, and industrial facilities. Terrestrial ecosystems (forests, vegetation, soils, farm crops, pastures, tundras, and wetlands) have a net carbon accumulation of about one-fourth of the amount emitted to the atmosphere from fossil fuels. 

Wetlands have the highest carbon density among all terrestrial ecosystems. Because of their low drought stress and high nutrient availability, wetland plants have a large capacity to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Wetland ecosystems taken as a whole comprise only about 

Biogeochemistry of Wetlands Science and Applications Boreal forests, 13 

FIGURE 16.11 Estimates of carbon stored in soils of the world as distributed among various ecological zones total carbon = 1395 Pg (Pg = 10 g). (Redrawn from data by Post et al., 1982.) 

Wetlands, in addition to being an important carbon sink, are a major source of atmospheric methane. Although soil carbon in wetlands is recognized as being an important component of global 

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Socolow, R., ed. (1997). Fuels Decarbonizatioii and Carbon Sequestration Report on a Workshop. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Center for Energy and Environmental Studies. 

The main gaseous product is the hydrogen. Carbon can be either sequestered or used as a material commodity under less severe CO2 restraints. It can also be used as a reducing agent in metallurgical processes. From the point of view of carbon sequestration, it is easier to separate, handle, transport, and store solid carbon than CO2 [5]. 

Baker, J. M., Ochsner, T. E., Venterea, R. T., and Griffis, T. J. (2007). Tillage and soil carbon sequestration—What do we really know Commentary. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 118,1-5. 

Blanco-Canqui, H. and Lai, R. (2008). No-tillage and soil-profile carbon sequestration An on-farm assessment Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72, 693-701. 

Lai, R. (2004). Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Geoderma 123,1-22. 

Lai, R., Follett, R. F., Stewart, B. A., and Kimble, J. M. (2007). Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change and advance food security. Soil Sci. 172, 943-956. 

West, T. O. and Post, W. M. (2002). Soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation. A global data analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66,1930-1946. 

Keywords biomass, carbon sequestration, edge effect, fragmentation, native forest... 

The subtropical moist forests of the country have a greater capacity of carbon sequestration than subtropical dry forests at identical latitude. 

As was mentioned, the Chaco ecosystem is the largest surface area at the national level. It was interesting to compare facets of this ecosystem with the Yungas Pedemontana Jungle with regard to the potential for carbon sequestration at the same latitude. The work was carried out in the municipality of Coronel Moldes (25°16 00" South latitude and 65°29 00" West longitude), 60 km south of the capital of the province of Salta. 

Carbon sequestration in forest disturbed by human activity is lower than in forests less seized by humans. 

The potential of carbon sequestration in the Pedemontana Jungle is less if the latitude increases. 

The Pedemontana Jungle sequesters 43% more carbon than the Chaco forest at the same latitude. Moreover, the potential of carbon sequestration in the Pedemontana Jungle increases as the latitude decreases, sequestrating 28% more carbon at 22° than 24° south latitude. 

Doughty C., Pruess K., et al. Capacity investigation of brine-bearing sands of the Frio-formation for geological sequestration of C02. In Proceedings of First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration. 2001 U.S. Department of Energy. 

Brennan S.T. and BurrussR.C. Specific sequstrahon volumes a useful tool for C02 storage capacity assessment.2003 Open-File Report, U.S. Geological Survey, Second Annual Conference on Carbon Sequestration, Alexandria, Virginia, U.S. 03-452. 

USDOE Carbon sequestration atlas of the United States and Canada. 2007 U.S. Department of Energy/NETL 88. 

Oldenburg C., Pruess K., et al. Process modeling of C02 injection into natural gas reservoirs from carbon sequestration and enhanced gas recovery. 1995 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report, LBNL 94720. 

Pawar R.J., Zhang D., et al. Preliminary geologic modeling and flow simulation study of C02 sequestration in a depleted oil reservoir. NETL Carbon Sequestration Conference Proceedings. 

Law D H-S., van der Meer LGH., et al. Comparison of numerical simulators for greenhouse gas sequestration in coalbeds, Part III More complex problems. NETL Carbon Sequestration Conference Proceedings. 

Lai R. Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security. Science. 2004 304 1623-1627. DOI 10.1126/science.l097396... 

West TO, Marland G. A Synthesis of Carbon Sequestration, Carbon Emissions and Net Carbon Flux in Agriculture Comparing Tillage Practices in the United States. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 2002 91(l-3) 217-232. Doi 10.1016/ S0167-8809(01)00233-X... 

Ikan R, Rubinsztain Y, Nissenbaum A, Kaplan IR (1996) Geochemical aspects of the Maillard reaction. In Ikan R (ed) The maillard reaction consequences for the chemical and life sciences. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp 1-25 Jastrow JD, Miller RM (1998) Soil aggregate stabilization and carbon sequestration feedbacks through organomineral associations. In Lai R, Kimble JM,... 

Soil contributes to a greater extent to total carbon storage than do above-ground vegetation in most forests (Johnson and Curtis 2001). The total amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the upper meter of soil is about 1500 x 1015 g C (Eswaran et al. 1993 Batjes 1996), and the global atmospheric pool of CO2 is about 750 x 1015 g C (Harden et al. 1992). The CO2 emission from soil into atmosphere is about 68.0-76.5 1015 g C per year, and this is more than 10 times the CO2 released from fossil fuel combustion (Raich and Potter 1995). Variations in SOC pools and SOM turnover rates, therefore, exert substantial impacts on the carbon cycles of terrestrial ecosystems in terms of carbon sequestration in soil and CO2 emission from soil. 

For each ton of hydrogen produced from hydrocarbons, approximately 2.5 t of carbon is vented to the atmosphere [44-47], However, for each ton of hydrogen produced from current coal technology, approximately 5 t of carbon is emitted to the atmosphere. Principally, C02 capture and sequestration is a precondition for use of these fossil fuels. However, the sequestration necessity varies, because the relative atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratios are 1 2 4 for coal oil natural gas. There are two basic approaches to C02 sequestration either at the point of emission (in situ capture) or from the air (direct capture). In either case, C02 must be disposed off safely and permanently. With the capture and sequestration of C02, hydrogen is one path for coal, oil, and natural gas to remain viable energy resources [46]. Carbon sequestration technologies are discussed in detail in Chapter 17. 

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