Inland lakes

Gorski PR, Cleckner LB, Hurley JP, Sierzen ME, Armstrong DE. 2003. Factors affecting enhanced mercury bioaccumulation in inland lakes of Isle Royale National Park, USA. Sci Total Environ 304 327-348. 

Surface-water samples are usually collected manually in precleaned polyethylene bottles (from a rubber or plastic boat) from the sea, lakes, and rivers. Sample collection is performed in the front of the bow of boats, against the wind. In the sea, or in larger inland lakes, sufficient distance (about 500 m) in an appropriate wind direction has to be kept between the boat and the research vessel to avoid contamination. The collection of surface water samples from the vessel itself is impossible, considering the heavy metal contamination plume surrounding each ship. Surface water samples are usually taken at 0.3-1 m depth, in order to be representive and to avoid interference by the air/water interfacial layer in which organics and consequently bound heavy metals accumulate. Usually, sample volumes between 0.5 and 21 are collected. Substantially larger volumes could not be handled in a sufficiently contamination-free manner in subsequent sample pretreatment steps. 

Land use/land cover influences on the estimated time to recovery of inland lakes from mercury enrichment... 

Parsons, M.J., Long, D.T., Yohn, S.S. Giesy, J. P. 2007. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Mercury Loadings to Michigan Inland Lakes. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 5634-5640... 

If 0.24 Pg C/a represents riverine DIC delivered to oceans (Meybeck 1993) and if the flux of carbon from rivers/lakes to the atmosphere is 20% (Kling et al. 1991) of the total (i.e., 0.12 Pg C/a), then 0.23 Pg C/a remains in inland lakes and rivers, and in slowly cycled groundwater. Cole et al. (2007) estimated that about 0.2 Pg C/a is buried in inland water sediments. Groundwater may have a greater carbon storage capacity due to its large volume and greater load of carbon than rivers (Kempe 1984). 

During this time, global cooling led to an intense ice age that caused sea level to drop below the level of the Gibraltar Sill, isolating the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. Arid conditions promoted evaporation, transforming the Mediterranean into a series of large inland lakes. As these lakes dried up, an enormous volume (1 x lo km ) of evaporites was deposited. 

Borax occurs naturally as tincal in the dried-up inland lakes of India, Tibet California. Native tincal contains ca 55% Sodium Tetraborate Deca-hydrate, Na2B4O7.10H2O mw 381.44, mp 75°... 

It is not only in the seas and oceans that we find salty water. Many inland lakes, borewells and sometimes rivers have salty water. 

Waters of oceans/seas near the tropics have the highest salinity. Near the equator and the poles, the salinity is low. Salinity of inland seas and lakes is high. Why Salinity of some inland lakes are given below. 

Profiles of toxaphene in dated sediment cores have been used to infer historical deposition and degradation of toxaphene in Lake Superior and the nearby inland lakes [50,94,95], Michigan [94,96] and Ontario [94,97-99]. There is sufficient detail from these studies to infer the history of inputs of toxaphene... 

Toxaphene concentrations are also higher in Lake Superior and Lake Huron lake trout than in this species from inland lakes in northwestern and central Ontario [81,134]. Lake trout from Lake Nipigon had the highest mean (wet weight) concentrations, followed by Lake Simcoe (north of Toronto) and Sandy Beach Lake (west of Thunder Bay) (Table 11). 

Sediment is an important media for the transformation of POPs in the environment. Many years after production has ceased and the ban on the use of POP pesticides globally, research in other countries indicates that sediment has the highest concentrations of POP pesticides, as compared to soil, water, and air. Without emission sources of POP pesticides on land, sediment in some water bodies, especially inland lakes, became the source of POP pesticides in air and water. The recent research in China on sediments of inland lakes and costal areas has corroborated this finding. 

Sediments in other water bodies, such as inland lakes, have also been studied. From 1994 to 1995, Dou and Zhao (1998) measured HCH and DDT in surface sediment of the Baiyangdian Lake of the Hebei Province. 

It will be observed that in the results given by Friedmann the water is slightly more dense at the lower depths (300 cm.) than at 50 cm. The waters feeding the Dead Sea are mainly fresh and, being mueh less dense, tend to remain in the surface layers, diffusion taking place relatively slowly. No doubt this accounts for many of the variations observed in the densities of the waters of inland lakes and seas as determined by different investigators who have not usually stated the precise depth at which their samples were taken. This phenomenon is very marked in the case of certain tidal rivers, and has long been known. Mallet, for example, in 1840 drew attention to it in connection with the River Bann in N. Ireland.1... 

Figure 19 Structure of amine oxidase from A. globiformis. (a) ribbon diagram showing subunits in blue and red, copper as green spheres (b) solvent map showing the substrate channels in red and the inland lake in green (c) close-up of the copper center showing the active TPQotf conformation (d) close-up of the copper center showing the inactive TPQon conformation. (Reprinted with permission from Ref 69. 1997 American Chemical Society)...

It is obvious from this table that the concentrations of non-ortho CBs and, to a certain extent, mono-ortho CBs are extremely low (< ppq). On the other hand, di-ortho CBs are measurable. In general, PCB concentrations are higher in rain, well, tap, and bottled waters which are close to a contamination source (urban environment) [123-126], Congener-specific reports of PCBs in inland lakes such as Great Lakes and Baikal have been published [117,127]. 

R. Frache, F. Baffi, B. Cosma, A. Mazzucotelli, C. Bottinelli, F. Sena, F. Soggia, Trace metals distribution in water, particulate matter and sediments in the Ross Sea and inland lakes (Antarctica), Proceedings of the Meeting Environmental Impact in Antarctica, Rome, June 8-9, 1990, 37-46. 

Birge, E. A. and Juday, C. (1934). Particulate and dissolved organic matter in inland lakes. Ecol. Monogr. 4, 440-474. 

Predicting Water Quality by Relating Secchi-Disk Transparency and Chlorophyll a Measurements to Satelhte Imagery for Michigan Inland Lakes, August 2002. 

The previous considerations are illustrative of the need to remediate underwater chemical ordnance disposal sites. Explosive ordnance also presents a problem. Whereas most types of ordnance will loose their explosive capability once water enters the shell casing through corrosion, the pollution is still a factor. Fuses often contain fulminate of mercury. Nitrogen compounds are present in all of the various explosive fillers, and nitrogen is a major water pollutant for inland lakes. As is the case with chemical agents, many explosive chemicals could be disastrous if allowed to enter drinking water aquifers, seafood, or water system intakes. 

VERMEULEN What you mean is a common phenomenon in the Inland waters in Scandanavia. Over there, however, many of the inland lakes are more or less Isolated and this phenomenon can be studied very well. In Holland, all the surface waters are more or less connected with the rivers Rhine and the Meuse. Perhaps you don t know, but let me tell you than that the Rhine is the most polluted river in the world. So the level of the major ions and also the buffering capacity of our inland waters is very high and also varies very much with the supply of the mentioned rivers. This makes it impossible to do studies as you mention in your question. Only in some parts of Holland we have some isolated moorland pools. We found that the greater part of these pools have been strongly acidified by acid precipitation. For example, in the 1919-1925 period one found that most of the pools had a pH above or close to 7. In the fifties, the pH values had dropped to about 5.5 and in 1975 many of the pools had a pH below 4. We did not study what you meant with your question, but we did find very high sulfate concentrations in the most acidified pools up to over 40 mg/1 which is very high for these kinds of water systems in Holland. 

There are also numerous by-laws and local requirements that can be applied by, for example. Port Authorities (ports). Harbour Authorities (coastal works), British Waterways (canals), and Local Authorities (inland lakes), depending on where the work is situated. Work in a water-filled quarry would also be subject to the Mines and Quarries Act. Different responsibilities apply to the different categories of personnel (see Box 2.1). The HSE (2002b) provides guidance on managing health and safety in dockwork. 

Reliable estimates of future supplies remain difficult to obtain due to the lack of information on the ecology of new sites, the productivity of the local Artemia population, and on technical and economic studies related to accessibility, sustainable quantities, characteristics of the resource relevant to larviculture, etc. (see for example Marden et al, 2012). Diversification of resources remains a most important issue, along with the further rationalization of the use of Artemia. As a net result of all the factors that play on the aquaculture market, the global demand for cysts, currently -2500-3000 tons/year, is expected to increase further. China is the main consumer (and will continue to be so) with an annual consumption of -1500 tons, of which about one half is imported from Russia and Kazakhstan and the other half produced domestically (mainly from inland lakes Bohai Bay has had a relatively stable production over the past years of about 400 tons of raw product). 

Anhydrite is a mineral composed of CaS04 (calcium sulfate). An inland lake has Ca and S04 concentrations of 0.0052 M and 0.0041 M, respectively. If these concentrations were doubled by evaporation, would you expect calcium sulfate to precipitate ... 

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