Blowflies larvae

Other substituted phenyl A/-methylcarbamates that have been used for insect control include metalkamate [8065-36-9] a 1 4 mixture of y -(l-ethylpropyl)-phenyl A[-methylcarbamate [672-04-8] and y -(l-methylbutyl)-phenyl A/-methylcarbamate [2282-34-0], rat oral LD qS 87, 170 mg/kg, used as a soil insecticide MTMC [1129-41 -5], 3-methylphenyl N-methylcarbamate (mp 76°C), rat oral LD q 268 mg/kg, used for rice pests MPMC [2425-10-7], 3,5-dimethylphenyl A/-methylcarbamate (mp 79°C), rat oral LD q 380 mg/kg, used for rice pests TBPMC [780-11-0], 3-/ l -butylphenyl A/-methylcarbamate (mp 140°C), mouse oral LD q 470 mg/kg, for rice pests and butacarb [2655-19-8], 3,5-di-/ l -butylphenyl A/-methylcarbamate (mp 98°C), rat oral LD q >4000 mg/kg, for sheep blowfly larvae control. 

Mcllroy, J.C., E.J. Gifford, and S.M. Carpenter. 1988. The effect of rainfall and blowfly larvae on the toxicity of 1080 -treated meat baits used in poisoning campaigns against wild dogs. Austral. Wildl. Res. 15 473-483. 

Current research focuses largely on aboveground successional studies, developmental rate studies, and other factors that impact on PMI estimation. DNA-based studies are becoming more common, facilitating the use of DNA for identification of insects and increased accuracy and efficiency (Harvey et al. 2003 Wallman, Leys, and Hogendoorn 2005). Studies have also concerned the possible characterization of human DNA ingested by blowfly larvae (Carvalho et al. 2005 Wells and Sperling 2001). 

Putman (1978) observed Necrophorus spp. frequenting rodent carcasses in England, with the greatest number during summer and autumn. The author notes, however, that the carrion was rarely buried by the beetles, with burials attempted but not completed. Adults were found on carcasses as early as 24 hours following placement, presumably preying on blowfly larvae. Reed (1958) similarly observed no burials by Necrophorus spp. but did encounter them beneath carrion in Tennessee. 

The Staphylinidae, or rove beetles, may be found in the surface layer of soil. They are voracious maggot predators, actively chasing maggots below the soil surface (Smith 1986). These beetles may arrive shortly following colonization of the corpse by blowfly larvae, with peak numbers under and around the corpse observed just prior to and at the time of larval migration from the corpse (Putman 1978). 

The most important effect of burial on decomposition is the increase in time required for biomass reduction, relative to exposed carrion (Smith 1986). Smith (1986) suggested that blowflies, which are responsible for the majority of biomass reduction on carrion, are excluded from the corpse at a depth of just 2.5 cm. However, Simpson and Strongman (2002) reported the occurrence of the blowfly Cynomyopsis cadaverina on carrion buried at a depth of 30 cm. Rodriguez and Bass (1985) also observed Sarcophagidae (flesh fly) and blowfly larvae on burials at a depth of 1 ft, as did VanLaerhoven and Anderson (1999). In the latter study, adult flies were observed attempting to... 

Spinosyns were discovered from the fermentation broth of Saccharopolyspora spinosa by screening for mortality of blowfly larvae, and a mixture of spinosyns A (116) and D (117) was approved and used successfully as a crop protection and an antiparasitic animal health agent. (151) Nodulisporic acids are an indole diterpenoid class discovered from various species of Nodulisporium as orally active antiflea and antitick agents for dogs and cats (152, 153). The most active of the series is... 

Dimpylate (diazinon) ked, ticks, blowfly larvae Dip concentrate Dip... 

Deltamethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) is available as a prepared solution for spot-on application to sheep and is effective against lice, keds, ticks and blowfly (Calliphora, Lucilia) larvae. Cyromazine, a prepared solution for pour-on application to sheep, is effective against blowfly larvae because of the persistence of the drug, it is particularly indicated for the prevention of blowfly strike. Cyromazine protects sheep against blowfly strike (Lucilia cuprina) for up... 

A series of acetate-derived compounds have been reported from plants of the family Annonaceae (Annona cherimolia, A. muricata, A. squamosa, and oth r Annona species Asim-ina triloba, pawpaw Goniothalamus giganteus , and several Rollinia and Uvaria species) (Fig. 5.20) (Alkofahi et al., 1989 Lieb et al., 1990 Nahrstedt, 1985 Rupprecht et al., 1986). Most of these compounds exhibit potent antimicrobial, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, and antitumor activity (Bories et al., 1991). For example, asimicin (36), from the bark of Asimina triloba, is extremely cytotoxic (ED50 <10 p-/ml with several cell cultures) fractionation of the plant material was monitored by the brine shrimp bioassay (Alkofahi et al., 1989). This compound also is toxic to the striped cucumber beetle, Mexican bean beetle, mosquito larvae, blowfly larvae, melon aphid, two spotted spider mite, and the free-living nematode, Caenorabditis elegans (Rupprecht et al., 1986). 

P.M. Oduor-Odote, M.H. Struszczyk, M.G. Peter, Characterisation of chitosan from blowfly larvae and some crustacean species from Kenyan marine waters prepared under different conditions, Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. ScL, 4 (1), 99-107, 2005. 

Adenosine aminohydrolase occurs in tissues of both vertebrates and invertebrates. The enzyme has been observed in the larvae of Drosophila melanogaster (34), the blowfly (35), sea urchin eggs (36), the hapato-pancreas of both crayfish and lobster (37), and a variety of animal tissues (38 41b). Brady and O Donovan (42) examined the distribution... 

The arrival of blowflies, and subsequently their larvae, is followed quickly by the arrival of the flesh flies (Diptera Sarcophagidae), other carrion flies (Diptera Muscidae), and predaceous beetle species such as rove beetles (Coleoptera Staphylinidae), carrion beetles (Silphidae), clown beetles (Histeridae), skin beetles (Dermestidae), and checkered beetles (Cleridae). A variety of other fly families may be found in association with the body, and hide beetles (Trogidae) and larvae of some of the aforementioned beetle groups may feed on carrion itself, often on remains of hair, skin, and clothing in late decomposition (Smith 1986). 

Evidence of the involvement of proctolin in the regulatory mechanisms of insect nerve-muscle systems has continued to grow and the remainder of this section discusses these more recent developments and their significance. Proctolin-like immunoreactive (PLI) neurons have been detected in the blowfly, Calliohora ervthrocephala (27) the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (28) and the fruitfly larvae, Drosophila melanomaster (29). In the blow fly, 80-90 neurons in the brain-suboesophageal complex were fo md to be PLI. The thoracic ganglia, by comparison, contained 100-130 PLI neurons, while the abdominal section had only... 

The azido derivative 683 (CGA 19255) had herbicidal and even better insecticidal activity. 683 prevented the development of the larvae of the house fly (Musca domestica) it was tested successfully as a poultry feed-through lar-vicide " . 684 (CGA 72622 cyromazine, Larvadex ), a metabolite of 683 23,824 proved to be better suitable as a larvicide " . It inhibited growth of a great variety of Diptera insect larvae (e.g. house fly, yellow fever mosquito, face fly, sheep blowfly, fall army worm). Additionally, 684 was used as anthelmintic . 684 is applied as a food additive for domestic or livestock animals or by spraying it on manure surface. Larvicidal properties of formamido " and formamidino derivatives of 684 have been tested. The bacterial degradation of 684 was investigated . ... 

Phosphate conjugates have been identified in the bodies and excreta of larvae of New Zealand grass grubs (Costelytra zealandica), and of adult houseflies (M. domestica) and blowflies (L. sericata) treated ijn vivo with 1-na thol, 2-naphthol and p-nitrophenol (29). 

Kotze, A.C., Rose, H.A., 1987. Purification and properties of glutathione S transferases from the larvae of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann). Insect Biochem. 19, 703-713. 

Turnbull IP, Howells AJ. Integu-mental chitin synthase activity in cell-free extracts of larvae of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, and two other species of diptera. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1983, 36, 251-262. 

Kotze AC, Sales N, Barchia IM. Diflubenzuron tolerance associated with monooxygenase activity in field strain larvae of the Australian sheep blowfly (Diptera Calliphoridae). 

Hansen (1978) and Hansen and Wieczorek (1981) compared the sugar receptor cells of various insect species in detail. Most cells were found to be sensitive to glucose and sucrose (with the exception of lepidopteran larvae), and seem to have at least two receptor sites for pyranoses and furanoses. A closer examination of the sugar cells reveals remarkable differences between cells of different insects and even closely related species (Hansen and Wieczorek, 1981 Jakinovich etal., 1981 Mitchell and Gregory, 1979). An explanation for these differences could lie in the adaptations to specific food sources and feeding behaviors. However, this is not evident in Pieris rapae when stimulatory activity and nutritive values are compared (Kusano and Sato, 1980 Mitchell, 1981). The classical blowfly water receptor also reacts to sugars. The receptor site in this cell is similar to the furanose site of the sugar receptor cell (Wieczorek, 1980). 

Myiasis is the invasion of tissues or open body cavities by fly, dipteran, larvae. Myiasis can be caused by fly larvae of many different species. Vaccine based control of myiasis is very appealing. Fly larvae can reside in direct contact with elements of the host immune system for months. Not unexpectedly, natural infections do not generally induce inflammatory responses 190) or host iimnunity to re-infestation 191). The most extensively studied causes of myiasis are the warble flies, Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum, and the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina 24). 

---