Crustacean species

Hiller-Adams, P., Widder, E. A., and Case, J. F. (1988). The visual pigments of four deep-sea crustacean species. J. Comp. Physiol. 163A 63-72. 

Hooftman RN, de Wolf JM (2003a) Triohloromethylstannane (CAS 993-16-8) Static acute toxicity test with the crustacean species Daphnia magna. Zeist, TNO, May (Report No. V2492/02). 

Half-time persistence of zinc in the prawn (Palaemon elegans) is about 17 days (Nugegoda and Rainbow 1988b), and between 30 and 270 days for five other crustacean species (NAS 1979). Differences in half-time persistence are finked to differences in excretion rates of ionic zinc and complexed zinc. In general, ionic zinc in crustaceans is excreted first, then complexed zinc surface-adsorbed zinc is turned over faster than internally adsorbed zinc molting accounts for 33 to 50% loss of the total body burden in crabs (Eisler 1981). 

Free amino acids have been used as quality indices in various fish and crustacean species. Fish processing and storage conditions decisively influence the free amino acid profile [244], According... 

Carbamate pesticides A salt or ester of carbamic acid used as a pesticide and known to cause death of animals at high concentrations. Aldicarb is effective against thrips, aphids, spider mites, lygus, fleahoppers, and leafminers but is mainly used against nematodes. Carbofuran is the most toxic of the carbamate pesticides used to control insects in potatoes, corn, and soybeans. Carbaryl kills beneficial insect and crustacean species along with the target pests. 2-(i-Methylpropyl)phenyl methylcarbamate is used as an insecticide on rice and cotton. 

Food products can also be unexpectedly derived from crustacean. Surimi (seafood paste) is usually derived from fish, but can in some countries contain a variety of crustacean species (Hamada et al. 2000 Mata et al. 1994). 

A. salina, already known as a resistant organism,29 was not affected by exposure to these chemicals, clearly indicating the difference in sensitivity between this marine crustacean and the other freshwater crustacean species used. 

Fig. 1 First factorial plane of MCA of data on crustacean grazing experiment on Phaeocystis. (A) Projections of continuous illustrative variables in the correlation circle (radius 1) and ordination of active variables Phaeocystis species (A), growth (

In some cases, the effects of complex environmental mixtures could be accounted for in terms of concentration-additive effects of a few chemicals. In sediments of the German river Spittelwasser, which were contaminated by chemical industries in its vicinity, around 10 chemicals of a cocktail of several hundred compounds were found to explain the toxicity of the complex mixture to different aquatic organisms (Brack et al. 1999). The complex mixture of chemicals contained in motorway runoff proved toxic to a crustacean species (Gammarus pulex). Boxall and Maltby (1997) identified 3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as the cause of this toxicity. Subsequent laboratory experiments with reconstituted mixtures revealed that the toxicity of motorway runoff could indeed be traced to the combined concentration-additive effects of the 3 PAHs. Svenson et al. (2000) identified 4 fatty acids and 2 monoterpenes to be responsible for the inhibitory effects on the nitrification activity of the bacteria Nitrobacter in wastewater from a plant for drying wood-derived fuel. The toxicity of the synthetic mixture composed of 6 dominant toxicants agreed well with the toxicity of the original sample. 

Anatomical and Physiological Considerations. It is obvious that crustacean species differ considerably from vertebrates in their biological make-up, and that these important differences should be considered in planning xenobiotic disposition studies. 

RPCH is not known to have any true metabolic effect in crustaceans, however, RPCH can (of course) elicit most of the actions of the insect AKHs in the appropriate insect recipient. Likewise, insect AKHs are potent to concentrate pigments in the appropriate crustacean species but to date, no report has shown that AKH can effect a colour change in insects. 

Localization of cells producing PDHs/PDFs has been achieved by imm un o cytochemistry. Mapping of PDH-immunoreactivity in a few crustacean species revealed not only association with neurosecretory cells but also with intemeurons suggesting an additional role of PDH as neurotransmitter or in neuromodulation [71]. In several insects, including... 

To date, more than 60 members of the A-type ASTs are structurally known from insects and about 20 species have been analyzed. Although only three species of decapod crustaceans were investigated, more than 60 isoforms are known in these crustaceans (see Table 4) interestingly, none is identical to the ASTs identified so far in insects [139]. Thusfar, in each insect and crustacean species investigated to date, multiple isoforms of the A-type Asts have been isolated or demonstrated to be present (see Table 4). Whereas all members of the A-type Ast family contain the relatively conserved pentapeptide core C-terminal of Y/FXFGLamide (for Leu there can be conservative changes such as lie or Val but also Met in the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria), the N-terminal part of the peptide can... 

Peram-proctolin Homarus vulgaris and other crustacean species RYLPT [153]... 

Orcokinin, NEDEIDRSGF °GFN, a myo-tropic 13-peptide from the abdominal nerve cords of the crayfish Orconectes limosus). It acts as a highly potent stimulator ofhindgut contractions. More members of the orcokinin neuropeptide family have been isolated from several crustacean species [J. Stangier et al.. Peptides 1992, 13, 859 D. Bungart et al.. Peptides 1995, 16, 199 L. Li et al., J. Comp. Neurol. 2002, 444, 227]. 

Complete 3D solution structures have been determined by NMR experiments for three invertebrate Cd -MT forms, one from echinoidean and two from crustacean species. The structure of the sea urchin S. purpuratus) " Cd7-MTA consists of two globular domains, an N-terminal Cd4(SCys)ii and a C-terminal Cd3(SCys)9, whose metal cluster topology compares well with the corresponding analogues in mammalian MT. Combined with this similarity, there is an inverted arrangement of the three and four metal clusters, and thus of the a and (3 domains, as well as a significantly different connectivity pattern for the Cys-metal coordination bonds in the two... 

Most of the cmstaceans consumed as aquatic food belong to the classes of shrimps, prawns, crabs, and lobsters. Several hundred crustacean species are used for human consumption, and species assignment by visual inspection after removal of external features is extremely difficult. Authentication of crustaceans has been performed by just the same PCR-based techniques as those used for fish, including RFLP and SSCP analysis. In the analysis of shrimps, intraspecies variability of DNA profiles has to be considered (Figure 11.2). In most studies the mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I was used as a template. Some recently published studies on differentiation of shrimps are compiled in Table 11.1. 

Fig. 1.4 Examples of crustacean species (in their natural environment) that are suited as models to address particular questions on crustacean chemical communication, (a) Crayfish Austropota-mobius torrentium (photograph courtesy of Dr. Michael van der Wall) (b) water flea Daphnia pulex (photograph courtesy of Linda C. Weiss) (c) amphipod Hyalella costera (d) freshwater shrimp Cryphiops caementarius (photographs (c, d) courtesy of Ivan A. Hinojosa)...

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