Phosphate conjugation

Phosphorylation of xenobiotics is not a widely distributed conjugation reaction, insects being the only major group of animals in which it is found. The enzyme from the gut of cockroaches utilizes ATP, requires Mg+, and is active in the phosphorylation of 1-naphthol and p-nitrophenol. 

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Dual-chamber syringe. For delivery of two established vaccines (e.g., polyribosyl ribitol phosphate conjugated to tetanus toxoid and diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccine) at the same time, a dual-chamber syringe delivery system can be used. The proximal chamber may contain a vaccine in the freeze-dried solid state, and the distal chamber contains a vaccine in the liquid formulation that allows reconstitution of the vaccine in the proximal chamber. The immune response by the dualchamber delivery of vaccination was equivalent to that by the separate-injection method of vaccination. The dual-chamber syringe can be used for safe and effective delivery of two different vaccines that are not yet available as a single formulation for pediatric applications. ... 

Also considered hydrolytic reactions are the cleavage of glucuronide, sulfate, and phosphate conjugates by P-glucuronidase, sulfatase, and phosphatase enzymes, respectively. These enzymes are found predominately in the intestinal microflora of animals and humans and to some extent in the mammalian host. These enzymes can cleave newly formed conjugates back to the parent drug or Phase I metabolite. 

Phosphate conjugates have been identified in the bodies and excreta of larvae of New Zealand grass grubs (Costelytra zealandica), and of adult houseflies (M. domestica) and blowflies (L. sericata) treated ijn vivo with 1-na thol, 2-naphthol and p-nitrophenol (29). 

While formation of phosphate conjugates Is well-known for Insects (75,76), this pathway Is documented rarely for other animals. Ngah and Smith (66) have shown that eight Insect species In five different orders can produce phosphates from 4-nltrophenol. The mealworm, Tenebrlo, also phosphorylates 8-qulnollnol, 1-naphthol, and 4-methylumbelllferone. The few known examples of phosphates from xenobiotics In mammals have been reviewed (2) and Include phenol (cat, sheep), 2-naphthylamlne (dog, human), and ethanol (rat). 2-Naphthylamlne Is converted Into an unusual conjugate, bis(2-amlno-l-naphthyl)phosphate. 

Using phantom as a tissue mimicking structure, ultrasound backscattering capacity of gold nanoparticles-loaded lysozyme microbubbles (Fig. 2.12) was demonstrated. In addition, alkaline phosphate conjugated lysozyme microbubbles were shown to possess biosensing capabilities to detect small quantities of paraoxon. 

De Riccardis, F., lorizzi, M., Minale, L, Ricdo, R., and Debitus, C. (1992) The first occurrence of polyhydroxylated steroids with phosphate conjugation from the starfish Tremaster novae-caledoniae. Tetrahedron Lett., 33, 1097-1100. 

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