Costelytra zealandica

Attractive Compounds. Though the first report on the identification of a pheromone from a scarabaeid beetle dates back more than 30 years - phenol as an attractant for males of the gras grub beetle Costelytra zealandica [135] which turned out to be produced by beetle associated bacteria [136] - most of the pheromone structures known today have been elucidated during the last decade [3,137,138]. 

DC043 Osborne, G. O., and]. F. Boyd. Chemical antractans for larvae of Costelytra zealandica (Coleopcera, Scarabaeidae). N... 

Trifolium repens Roots Medicarpin (isoflavone) Feeding deterrent to the beetle Costelytra zealandica 362... 

Ulex europaeus Root bark Ulexones A (isoflavone) Feeding deterrent for larvae of Costelytra zealandica 365... 

In contrast to the rutelines, the melolonthine scarabs generally use terpenoid-and amino acid-derived pheromones (reviewed in Leal, 1999). For example, the female large black chafer, Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky, produces methyl (2.S, 3. Sj - 2 - am ino-3-methy lpcn tanoatc (L-isoleucine methyl ester) as an amino acid-derived sex pheromone (Leal et al., 1992 Leal, 1997). There is no direct evidence that the chafer beetles or any other Coleoptera use the shikimic acid pathway for de novo pheromone biosynthesis, but some scarabs and scolytids (see section 6.6.4.2) may convert amino acids such as tyrosine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan to aromatic pheromone components (Leal, 1997,1999). In another melolonthine species, the female grass grab beetle, Costelytra zealandica (White), the phenol sex pheromone is produced by symbiotic bacteria (Henzell and Lowe, 1970 Hoyt et al. 1971). 

Scarabaeidae. Phenol is reported to be the sex attractant for males of the grass grub beetle, Costelytra zealandica, a major economic pest of pastures in New Zealand (507 It was subsequently reported that phenol was synthesized in the colleterial glands, not by the female beetle, but rather by the bacterial flora which was housed therein (51). However, it has not been established whether or not phenol is also synthesized... 

The evidence for copulation release activity has been demonstrated with several insects Costelytra zealandica Trogoderma glabrum Llmonius canus Tribollum confusum Tenebrlo molitor, and Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (4). However, erectin of C. chlnensis was the first to be identified, and it is involved only in copulation release activity. 

Phosphate conjugates have been identified in the bodies and excreta of larvae of New Zealand grass grubs (Costelytra zealandica), and of adult houseflies (M. domestica) and blowflies (L. sericata) treated ijn vivo with 1-na thol, 2-naphthol and p-nitrophenol (29). 

Adult grass grubs (Costelytra zealandica)[209] and phloem feeding green peach aphids (Myzus persicae)[210] were observed to die after feeding on Ricinus communis 76 was identified as the responsible toxin. The presence of 76 in the phloem of R. communis indicated a possible role for the toxin in defense of the plant against aphids [210]. 

In the first work to implicate phytoalexins in feeding-deterrent activity of plants, Russell et al. [12.] found that 3R-(-)-vestitol and sativan from Lotus pendunculatus leaf extracts were major deterrents for Costelytra zealandica larvae. Furthermore pastures containing as little as 20% Lotus pendunculatus were relatively free of this insect pest. 

Subsequent research found that Costelytra zealandica and Heteronychus arator larvae are sensitive to seven phytoalexins including pisatin, maackiain and medicarpin r 161. Related compounds naringenin, apigenin, morin. 

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