Peaks number

To obtain the peak atomic concentration resulting from this peak number of implanted ions requires knowing N, the atomic density of the substrate. The general relation for the concentration of the implanted species at the peak of the distribution is given by equation 13 ... 

System Standard Orientation (Cj, C2) Expected Displacement Scaled Frequency Peak Number... 

The solutes labeled in the chromatogram are as follows Peak Number Solute... 

GC conditions are given in the text. Peak numbering refers to the HPLC peaks in Table 1. 

Figure 2. Gradient-elution profile (5) of 18 amino acids deriva-tized with NDA/CN . The peak numbers correspond to those listed in Table III. Each peak represents 20 pmol of the individual amino acids. The chromatographic conditions are described in the text.(Reprinted from reference 5. Copyright 1987 American Chemical Society.)...

Fig. 4. Ethylene production by MG pericarp discs treated with 50 /rg (uronic acid equivalents) of partially purified G7 citrus oligomers (a) or 30 rg of individual B fruit oligomers purified by HPLC. Water was used for the control. Peak numbers correspond to those shown in Fig. 2. Bars indicate SEs for the means of measurements of 8 discs/treatment.

The anomeric-carbon region shows six peaks, numbered in Fig. 4. Peak 1 (at 103.6 p.p.m.), which arises from 25 5 carbon atoms, can be assigned to the anomeric-carbon atoms of a-D-mannopyranosyl units, having free hydroxyl groups at C-2, that are involved in glycosidic linkages to 0-2 or 0-3 of other a-D-mannopyranosyl residues.15 Peak 2 (at 102.5 p.p.m.) probably arises from 2-O-substituted a-D-mannopyrano-syl units involved in linkages to 0-2 or 0-3 of other a-D-mannopyranosyl units (internal carbohydrates)15 and also to the anomeric carbon atom of the a-D-mannopyranosyl residue linked to L-threonine.19 Peak 3 (101.8 p.p.m.) arises from the a-D-mannopyranosyl unit linked to L-ser-ine.19... 

The decrease of peak numbers was observed, when the spectra of the same amounts of fresh (12 weeks old) and aged (9 months old) mortars were compared. This decrease might be caused by activity of ubiquitous microorganisms that live on the mortar surfaces in biofilms. Especially in mild climate conditions, algae and cyanobacteria [35] can appear here moulds (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Mucor) [36] and bacteria (Arthrobacter Bacillus, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus) [37,38] have been discovered as well. The microorganisms secrete various hydrolytic enzymes that can decompose the organic additives, namely proteins, and make their sample identification less sensitive... 

Figure 2.2 shows the total ion current trace and a number of appropriate mass chromatograms obtained from the pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the polluted soil sample. The upper trace represents a part of the total ion current magnified eight times. The peak numbers correspond with the numbers mentioned in Table 2.1 and refer to the identified compounds. The identification was based on manual comparison of mass spectra and relative gas chromatographic retention times with literature data [34, 35] and with data of standards available. In some cases unknown compounds were tentatively identified on the basis of a priori interpretation of their mass spectra (labelled tentative in Table 2.1). 

Fig. 11.4 shows the total ion current trace and some mass chromatograms obtained by flash evaporation pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the polluted sediment sample. All compounds present in this complex mixture were not listed. A selection was made to exemplify several aspects of the screening approach. The peak number correspond with the numbers in Table 11.1. Identifications were based on the same criteria as mentioned above. Although several components were shown to be real pyrolysis products, all the compounds are present as such in the sample and resulted from simple thermal extraction from the wire. This was shown in separate analyses using ferromagnetic wires with a Curie temperature of 358°C. 

Fig. 2.7.2. (—)-LC-ESI-MS chromatograms of a standard APG solution, (a) Total ion current trace fromm/2 200 to 600. (b)XIC of Cg-, C10-, and Ci2-monoglucoside, and (c) XIC of Cg-, C10-, and Ci2-diglucoside. Peak numbering as in Table 2.7.1 indices a and b denote different stereoisomeric forms. (Separation on a RP-Cg column with a water/acetonitrile gradient) (Reprinted from [1],...

Fig. 2.12.16. Extracted ion chromatograms (C12 homologue m z = 304, C14 homologue m/z — 332, C1B homologue mlz = 360, and Cig homologue mJz — 388) from a sediment sample extracted with ASE and analysed by SPE-LC-ESI-MS with positive ion mode of operation under full-scan conditions. Peak numbers 1 = C12BAC, 2 = C14BAC, 3 = C16BAC, 4 = C18BAC [41].

Fig. 2.13.2. (-l-LC-ESI-MS chromatogram of a CAPB standard. Peak numbering (1) C8-CAPB, (2) Cio-CAPB, (3) C12-CAPB, (4) C14-CAPB (from [1], 2001. John Wiley Sons Limited. Reproduced with permission). 

Fig. 5.1.4. (— )-LC-ESI-MS chromatogram of an FBBR degradation experiment on LAS taken after 8 days. Peak numbering (1)...

Fig. 6.3.6. ( —)-LC-ESI-MS chromatogram of a sample from San Pedro river containing SPC and LASs. Peak numbering (1) Cg-SPC, (2) C7-SPC, (3) Cg-SPC, (4) C9-SPC, (5) C10-SPC, (6) CU-SPC, (7) C12-SPC, (8) C10-benzene sulfonates, (9) Cu-benzene sulfonates, (10) Ci2-benzene sulfonates, (11) Ci3-benzene sulfonates (from Ref. [23]).

Fig. 12. Separation of styrene oligomers by reversed-phase (left) and size-exclusion chromatography (right) (Reprinted with permission from [121]. Copyright 1996 American Chemical Society). Conditions (left) column, molded poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) monolith, 50 mm x 8 mm i.d., mobile phase, linear gradient from 60 to 30% water in tetrahydrofuran within 20 min, flow rate 1 ml/min, injection volume 20 pi UV detection, 254 nm (right) series of four 300 mm x 7.5 mm i.d. PL Gel columns (100 A, 500 A, 105 A, and Mixed C), mobile phase tetrahydrofuran, flow rate, 1 ml/min injection volume 100 pi, toluene added as a flow marker, UV detection, 254 nm temperature 25 °C,peak numbers correspond to the number of styrene units in the oligomers...

Fig. 2.33 DSC hydrogen desorption temperatures vs. particle size for as-received and ball-milled Tego Magnan powder, (a) Onset temperature (T ) and (b) low-temperature (LT) and high-temperature (HT) DSC peaks. Numbers beside data points indicate grain (crystallite) size of the P-MgH phase. Standard deviation bars for the particle size (BCD) are omitted for clarity [6]...

Figure 3. Plot of the features (peak numbers) compared to the loading variance percent for the first three factors.

Fig. 7. Reversed-phase HPLC chromatogram of an aqueous solution of iotrolan. a Low resolution [ODS-Hypersil, 5 pm, 250 x 4.6 mm water - methanol, 500 80 (v/v)]. b Low resolution (Superspher 100, 250x4 mm, water pH 3.4 (NH4-Formiate, 0.02 M), Na-heptane sulfonate (2 g L ), 1.5 mL min 40°C) Numbers 1-5 indicate the peak numbers, c High resolution (Superspher 100, 250x4 mm, water/methanol, 900 100, 0,4 mL min 40°C) Numbers 6-17 indicate the peak numbers...

It is seen from Eq. (79) that the dilution factor increases with (1 + k ) and that may limit the maximum peak number as shown by Scott (9) and Snyder (10). 

This number, which is also called peak capacity, is inhni e n theory, but Jimiied in practice. Time considerations require that k noii exceed a certain limit, which in fact decreases when the column efficiency increases, because should not exceed a few hours except in very social circumstances. The maximum peak number is also limited by the fact that with increasing retention the width and height of the peak inpi ases dnd decreases, respectively. As a consequence of the limitations oil sample size, peaks whose maximum concentration at the column outlet is lower than the detection limits remain unnoticed. 

Presented in Figures la and 2a are reconstructed partial total ion current chromatograms obtained by the CGC/MS/DA run on the May, 1985 samples. Figures lb and 2b show mass spectra taken at a certain specified time and peak number. Figure lb shows the mass spectrum of phthalate plasticizer in the soil... 

SQA in the form of a powder and b single crystal [26]. Note the narrower peaks in b. The peak numbering is the same as used in Fig. 1. The sharp line at 105 ppm corresponds to a spinning side band... 

The seventh and ninth more retained peaks are in fact an overlapping of two non resolved peaks (numbers 6,7 and 8,9 in Figure 7b), as ascertained by changing the composition of the mobile phase. 

Peak Number Tentative Compound Identification Present in Material... 

Report A list box is shown which includes the peak number, the data point... 

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