Animals livestock

Adverse effects of copper deficiency can be documented in terrestrial plants and invertebrates, poultry, small laboratory animals, livestock — especially ruminants — and humans. Data are scarce or missing on copper deficiency effects in aquatic plants and animals and in avian and mammalian wildlife. Copper deficiency in sheep, the most sensitive ruminant mammal, is associated with depressed growth, bone disorders, depigmentation of hair or wool, abnormal wool growth, fetal death and resorption, depressed estrous, heart failure, cardiovascular defects, gastrointestinal disturbances, swayback, pathologic lesions, and degeneration of the motor tracts of the spinal cord (NAS 1977). 

People - Local inhabitants. Workers and Visitors to the site Farm animals Livestock Ecosystems and waterbodies -Rivers, Estuaries and Groundwater. Protected areas - National Parks, National Heritage Areas (NHAs), Special Protection Areas (SPAs),... 

The use of animal livestock waste for chemical production would provide a solution for this otherwise problematic material. Because of increased large-scale livestock operations, the waste has become locally concentrated to levels that often exceed enviromnentally desirable disposal methods. The composition of animal waste is not adequately documented to determine which chemical manufacturing processes would benefit from its use as a feedstock. The limited information on the composition of catirahydrates, protein structure, and other components needs to be expanded. The secondary issue is the need to develop appropriate separation and cleanup processes to produce useful and consistent feedstock for chemical production. It is clear that there are economically interesting amounts of waste available for processing if sufficient amounts of feedstock can be economically derived from it. 

Have you ever considered why animals—livestock and humans—have the ability to detoxify cyanide ... 

Aflatoxin contamination causes economic losses of corn, cottonseed, peanuts, sorghum, wheat, rice, and other commodities, as well as economic losses of processed food and feedstuffs. As commodities considered unsafe for human consumption can be incorporated into animal feedstuffs [2,3], there exists opinion that aflatoxicosis in domestic animals is considerably more prevalent than it is diagnosed. Health effects occur in companion animals, livestock, poultry, and humans because aflatoxins are potent hepatotoxins, immunosuppressants, mutagens, and carcinogens [4-6]. Aflatoxins are teratogenic [7]. 

Medicines used by patients turn up, whether metabolised or not, in urine, faeces, vomit and sweat and therefore in waste water. This is true for humans as well as animals (livestock). The quantity of residues from livestock that turns up in water is much higher that the medicine waste from hospitals [13]. 

Animals exposed to sunlight for extended lengths of time do not require substantial dietary vitamin D. Current livestock management practices place an emphasis on high productivity, and most feed manufacturers recommend vitamin D supplementation of diets. Recommendations for practical levels of vitamin D in feeds for various animals, as recommended by feed manufacturers, are listed in Table 10. 

Air pollutants that present a hazard to livestock, therefore, are those that are taken up by vegetation or deposited on the plants. Only a few pollutants have been observed to cause harm to animals. These include arsenic, fluorides, lead, mercury, and molybdenum. 

Tetracycline antibiotics have found wide application in animal industries for treatment, preventive maintenance and stimulation of growth of large horned livestock owing to what their residue amounts can be present at milk and meat of animals. Residue amounts of antibiotics are not toxic, however, capable to cause allergic reactions and to promote development of tolerance of the some people pathogenic bacterias. According with the legislative requirements of a number of the European countries it is forbidden to deliver to the population production polluted residual contents of tetracyclines. 

Providing quantitative estimates of NHj emissions is necessarily rather uncertain, because of the wide range of variability in the sources as well as in factors affecting the emission rate. In the case of livestock emissions, the obvious scaling parameter is the number of animals in a particular area and emissions estimates... 

The ingestion of natural compounds, some of which can be identical to those administered for medicinal purposes, which have adverse effects especially in extensively reared animals, has been estimated to be about the equivalent of a 2% tax on livestock productions" For example, in the UK this would amount to about 20 million (calculated from MAFF data, 1995)S°... 

The movement of fluoride through the atmosphere and into a food chain illustrates an air-water interaction at the local scale (<100 km) (3). Industrial sources of fluoride include phosphate fertilizer, aluminum, and glass manufacturing plants. Domestic livestock in the vicinity of substantial fluoride sources are exposed to fluoride by ingestion of forage crops. Fluoride released into the air by industry is deposited and accumulated in vegetation. Its concentration is sufficient to cause damage to the teeth and bone structure of the animals that consume the crops. 

Annual cropping by traditional methods requires more labor, and yields are generally lower. Although animal power can help reduce human labor and provide manure for fertilizer, draught animals must be either fed by some of the crop or pastured, thereby increasing the land area required per person unless yields per unit of land increase accordingly. Average livestock ate one-fourth of the yield in the early nineteenth centuiy. 

Another method of comparison of energy use for production of food is the fossil energy used per unit of protein produced. In intensive livestock operations, such as egg production and animal feed lot operations,... 

The results of metabolism studies with laboratory animals and livestock indicate that endosulfan does not bioconcentrate in fatty tissues and milk. Lactating sheep administered radiolabeled endosulfan produced milk containing less than 2% of the label. Endosulfan sulfate was the major metabolite in milk (Gorbach et al. 1968). A half-life of about 4 days was reported for endosulfan metabolites in milk from survivors of a dairy herd accidentally exposed to acutely toxic concentrations of endosulfan endosulfan sulfate accounted for the bulk of the residues detected in the milk (Braun and Lobb 1976). No endosulfan residues were detected in the fatty tissue of beef cattle grazed on endosulfan-treated pastures for 31-36 days (detection limits of 10 ppm for endosulfan, 40 ppm for endosulfan diol) the animals began grazing 7 days after treatment of the pastures. Some residues were detected in the fatty tissue of one animal administered 1.1 mg/kg/day of endosulfan in the diet for 60 days. No endosulfan residues were... 

Gill, M., Smith, P., and Wilkinson, J. M. (2010). Mitigating climate change The role of domestic livestock. Animal 3, 323-333. 

Johnson, D. E., Ward, B. M., and Ramsay, J. J. (1996). Chapter 15. Livestock methane Current emissions and mitigation potential. In "Nutrient Management of Food Animals to Enhance and Protect the Environment", (E. T. Kornegay, Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

The metabolism of carfentrazone-ethyl in animals and plants is similar. The major plant metabolites are carfentrazone-chloropropionic acid (C-CI-PAc), 3-desmethylcarfentrazone-chloropropionic acid (DM-C-CI-PAc), and 3-hydroxymethylcarfentrazone-chloropropionic acid (HM-C-CI-PAc). The major animal metabolites are carfentrazone-chloropropionic acid (C-CI-PAc) and carfentrazone-propionic acid (C-PAc). The tolerance expression for livestock and plant commodities is carfentrazone-ethyl plus the ester hydrolysis product, C-CI-PAc. 

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