Closer examination

6 — PREPARATION OF ASYMMETRIC CERAMIC MEMBRANE SUPPORTS BY DIP-COATING Vw 

The starting point for the description of the fluid dynamics of the film-coating process is the Navier-Stokes equation and the continuity equation. The Navier-Stokes equation reads  

When the density is constant this condition reduces to ViZ =0 

Under conditions of low Reynolds number (slow viscous flow), the Navier-Stokes equations are reduced to the Stokes or creeping-flow equations given by  

To proceed, a specific coating geometry and the appropriate boundary conditions must first be considered. It is not possible to solve the equations for the whole coating flow. Solutions for the two regions indicated in Fig. 6.35 have to be found separately. 

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Closer examination of equation B 1,14,3 reveals that, after the slice selection pulse, the spin isocln-omats at different positions in the gradient direction are not in phase. Rather they are rotated by i exp jyC. )tind... 

As a consequence of these simple deductions, Graham s experiments c effusion through an orifice came to be regarded as one of the earliest direct experimental checks on the kinetic theory of gases. However, a closer examination of his experimental conditions reveals that this view is mistaken. As mentioned earlier, his orifice diameters ranged upwards from 1/500 in., while the upstream pressure was never very much less thai atmospheric. Under these circumstances the molecular mean free path len ... 

Treatment of phenol with excess aqueous bromine is actually more complicated than expected A white precipitate forms rapidly which on closer examination is not 2 4 6 tribro mophenol but is instead 2 4 4 6 tetrabromocyclohexadienone Explain the formation of this product... 

Closer examination reveals that the swing upwards in the Type IV isotherm not infrequently commences before the loop inception, showing that enhanced adsorption, not accompanied by hysteresis, can occur. The implications of this important fact are explored in Section 3.7. 

Closer examination reveals however that the Brunauer method is not fundamentally distinct from methods based on the Kelvin equation. As pointed out by de Vleesschauwer, equations such as (3.52) are not really employed in the integral form, inasmuch as the aim is to evaluate the surface areas of successive groups of cores. In effect Equation (3.52) is used after adaptation to small rather than infinitesimal increments and becomes... 

Gums and starches were used in early attempts to replace the viscosity and lubricity of oils in foods. These were not well received by consumers because they assumed fats merely suppHed mouthfeel and a bit of flavor. On closer examination, it became evident that fats in food and in the diet performed many roles, some simple, some extremely complex, some understood, and some not understood. 

Historically, many attempts have been made to systematize the arrangement of fatty acids in the glyceride molecule. The even (34), random (35), restricted random (36), and 1,3-random (37) hypotheses were developed to explain the methods nature utilized to arrange fatty acids in fats. Invariably, exceptions to these theories were encountered. Plants and animals were found to biosynthesize fats and oils very differently. This realization has led to closer examination of biosynthetic pathways, such as chain elongation and desaturation, in individual genera and species. 

Copolymers nd Blends of PC. Numerous co- and terpolymers as well as polymer blends of BPA-PC have been developed and their suitabihty as substrate materials for optical data storage media has been tested (Table 8) (195). From these products, three lines of development have been chosen for closer examination. 

A closer examination of these essential residues, including the catalytic triad, reveals that they are all part of the same two loop regions in the two domains (Figure 11.10). The domains are oriented so that the ends of the two barrels that contain the Greek key crossover connection (described in Chapter 5) between p strands 3 and 4 face each other along the active site. The essential residues in the active site are in these two crossover connections and in the adjacent hairpin loops between p strands 5 and 6. Most of these essential residues are conserved between different members of the chymotrypsin superfamily. They are, of course, surrounded by other parts of the polypeptide chains, which provide minor modifications of the active site, specific for each particular serine proteinase. 

The P eliminations can be fiirther subdivided by closer examination of the mechanisms involved. Three distinct limiting mechanisms are outlined below. 

Most substituents (Q, Me, OMe) in the 2-position have only a small effect, if any, on the hydration of the quinazoline cation they are similar in this respect to substituents in the 5-, 6-, and 8-positions (see above). Although hydration in the 2-aminoquinazoline cation was at first considered absent,a closer examination of the entire spectra of both species indicated that the cation spectrum may be that of a mixture. Hydration in the cation has now been confirmed by the rapid-reaction technique (the stopped-flow method) which showed that the unstable hydrated neutral species had a half-life of 4.0 sec at 20° and pH 9.60. The 2-hydroxyquinazoline cation has not been studied, but... 

Howard T. Odum (1971), an ecologist, is the most diligent in his attempts to reduce all-or nearly all-cultural phenomena to the currency of energy. On first examination his approach to causality is strikingly reminiscent of White. On closer examination, it seems that Odum holds a possibilistic position on causality, similar to that of Cottrell. In a section on theories of history, he comments apropos of the rise... 

Closer examination of Fig. 7.84 shows that each of the non-stoichiometric oxides has a region of homogeneity over which the compound is the sole stable phase. It has been observed, from a number of gas-metal systems, that the lower oxides (here MjO and MO ) usually show a wider region of non-stoichiometric behaviour than the higher oxides (here MO2). 

Upon closer examination, we see that self-organization in complex system does not really violate the Second Law. The reason is that the Second Law requires a system to be isolated that is, it must not exchange energy or matter with its environment. 

It seems a little excessive, at least to this author, that the periodic table is being regarded as somehow supplanted by quantum mechanics. This is something that is simply not the case on closer examination, as I have argued in some previous articles [29, 30],... 

On the other hand, upon closer examination even the copper-gold solid solutions evince serious discrepancies with the quasichemical theory. There is a composition range where the entropy of solution is larger than that for random mixing (see Fig. 1) where... 

Closer examination of the data pertaining to polymerization of lithium polyisoprene in aliphatic hydrocarbons suggests that kpcl and kptt are negligible in comparison with k, and k, = k IS, i.e. the addition of isoprene whether to cis or trans active... 

A closer examination of the RICs presented in Figure 3.20, however, shows that, because of the difference in absolute intensity of the ions involved, a mass spectrum at the second peak maximum, after 5.10 min, will show significant contributions from the compound eluting after 4.67 min. Under these circumstances, the relationship between particular ions can be investigated in two other ways, i.e. (a) the relative intensities of the ions may be examined, and (b) the chemical significance of these ions may be considered. 

Some semblances can also be fonnd in the content of ideas Similarities between stndents conceptions and historical ideas have been described in many fields of science. These relations can be nseful in science teaching, but a closer examination in each specific sitnation is certainly necessary. 

Although at first glance addition to the central carbon and formation of what seems like an allylic carbonium ion would clearly be preferred over terminal addition and a vinyl cation, a closer examination shows this not to be the case. Since the two double bonds in allenes are perpendicular to each other, addition of an electrophile to the central carbon results in an empty p orbital, which is perpendicular to the remaining rr system and hence not resonance stabilized (and probably inductively destabilized) until a 90° rotation occurs around the newly formed single bond. Hence, allylic stabilization may not be significant in the transition state. In fact, electrophilic additions to allene itself occur without exception at the terminal carbon (54). 

You could visit earth, hire a mechanical workshop in a remote area, car-jack a few specimens, and dissect them. You would observe that cars differ in their colour, shape, size and spec. Some may even contain a bar, cinema or swimming pool, but, perhaps, limousines are excluded from your exploration. On closer examination you would notice small ID-numbers imprinted on various strategic body parts. In short - you would find no two cars that are exactly the same. 

A closer examination of Table 6-3 reveals a rather startling conclusion. It can be seen that most of these compounds are subject to structure-vacancy defects. Certainly all of the pnictides fall into this class. We are even given the defect concentration. Thus in GaP, we have ... 

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