Beef calves

The assumption is normally made that the feed value of grass to the outdoor pig is equalised by the extra energy expended in walking 

Clearly much more research needs to be carried out on organic pig production to reduce feed costs. 

Although indoor systems of egg production are much cheaper to run than outdoor organic systems, due to higher egg production per hen per year and to lower feed costs, poultry longevity can be increased outdoors, which will lower the cost of replacement birds. Thompson (1978) tested his future breeding stock in an outdoor environment which had carried hens continuously for many years, with a consequent build-up of disease. Those pullets which survived became the foundation stock. 

The inference for organic poultry is the same as for organic pigs. The aim of the breeding policy must be to produce strains of hen that do best outdoors, where they are to live. 

The answer to the absence of fast-acting nitrogen fertilisers, with arable crops and grassland, has been threefold first, to make much greater use of farmyard manure, and to make sure that it is properly stored and not allowed either to be washed down the drains or to volatilise into the air second, to make much greater use of the legume for its power of nitrogen fixation, particularly white and red clover 

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Beef calves can suffer serious problems in health and performance if care is not taken to control intestinal parasites (Ostertagia spp. par-... 

The main problem with rearing the beef calves was pneumonia. To try... 

The residue profile of cefquinome in beef calves intramuscularly treated with the drug has been studied (86). The data were reminiscent of those form other cephalosporins and indicated that cefquinome was rapidly cleared, with detectable levels of significance seen at injection site, kidney, and liver tissues. However, the residues remaining after 12 h at the injection site, kidney, and liver were not antimicrobially active and/or bioavailable and no parent drug could be detected 80-100% of these residues were bound residues. 

Oxytetracycline 556.500 Sum of tetracyclines Cattle, beef calves Muscle - 2000... 

Experiment 2. The second feeding trial was designed to study the extent to which non-processed, raw wood added to the ration at various levels would be utilized by the rumen microorganisms. Dry, ground alder wood was added to a basal diet (Table III) and was fed to groups of beef calves for a period of 182 days as outlined below. 

Morris JG and Murphy GW (1972) The sodium requirements of beef calves for growth. J Agric Sci Camb 78 105-108. 

Niles GA, Morgan S, Edwards WC and Lalman DL (2000) Effects of increasing dietary sulfur concentration on the incidence and pathology of polioencephalomalacia in weaned beef calves. Animal Science Research Report, pp. 55-60. 

The main breeds of cow that will interest a hobby farmer are those that produce good quantities of high-quality milk, as well as good beef calves. The best approach is to purchase a three- to four-year-old in calf (pregnant) cow that has already calved. She should also have been tested for tuberculosis. Your cow will have a useful, productive life of about 12 years. 

Differential expression of mitochondrial genes in liver from beef calves with divergent phenotypes for feed efficiency... 

High vitamin A and procarotenoids content (20,000 76.000 IU./100 grams).1. Carrot, dandelion green, kohlrabi, liver (beef, calf, chicken, pig, sheep), liver oil (cod, halibut, salmon, shark, sperm whale), mint, palm oil, parsley, spinach, turnip greens. 

High vitamin Bn content (50-500 micrograms/100 grains). Brain (beef), kidney (beef, lamb), liver (beef, calf, lamb, pork). 

American, pasterurized processed 90 Beef, calf, hog. Iamb, cooked 438... 

Ethanol and choline glycerolipids were isolated from calf brain and beef heart lipids by PTLC using silica gel H plates. Pure ethanol amine and choline plasmalogens were obtained with a yield of 80% [74]. Four phosphohpid components in the purple membrane (Bacteriorhodopsin) of Halobacterium halobium were isolated and identified by PTLC. Separated phosphohpids were add-hydrolyzed and further analyzed by GC. Silica gel G pates were used to fractionate alkylglycerol according to the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic moiety [24]. Sterol esters, wax esters, free sterols, and polar lipids in dogskin hpids were separated by PTLC. The fatty acid composition of each group was determined by GC. 

In analysing the percentage contribution to extra gross margin per ha of top suckler herds and top 18-month beef producers from data collected by the Meat and Livestock Commission (MLC), Wilkinson (1984) lists the factors that govern success in Table 3.4. He also notes that the cows of top beef producers were back in calf ten days earlier than the average, and the calving period was three weeks shorter. 

Different farm enterprises vary as to the regularity of sales. For instance, one of the attractions of dairying is the monthly milk cheque. This may vary in size depending on the stage of lactation in the herd, but it is rare to have a month with no milk to sell. With beef, on the other hand, particularly with suckler beef, there can be two years or more between putting the cow in calf and selling the finished animal. Income from beef is unpredictable, but production is far less labour intensive than dairying - the cows have to be milked twice a day, every day of the year. 

Research studies concluded that diets containing 200 ppm or less of free gossypol as cotton-seed meal was safe for Holstein calves. At 400 ppm, there was an increase in cardiovascular and lung lesions, leading to increased calf losses. Mature beef cows can be safely fed cotton-seed meal as their entire protein supplement as this is generally kept relatively low, whereas dairy cows should not receive more than 3.6 kg/head/day (reviewed by Cheeke, 1998). 

The first of these enzymes has been studied the most thoroughly. Its activity has been detected in many sources, and purified preparations have been obtained from calf and beef liver,348-349 rat tissues,3498 hen oviduct,350 pea seedlings,351 Cryptococcus laurentii,352 and Aerobacter aerogenes,353 Extensive purification of the liver enzyme was achieved.349... 

Apart from differences between muscle tissues from various parts of an animal, there are qualitative and quantitative differences in composition between animal species. Therefore, analytical methods will always have lo be tested on material from each individual species, since differences in fat composition, in the presence of species-specific proteins, and in colored components such as in the case of myoglobin in poultry and beef may influence both the extraction and the separation of the analytes. As an example, a recovery higher than 70% was obtained for furazolidone after spiking chicken and veal calf muscle tissue but only 10% after spiking pork tissue (16). In this study, the recovery from pork meat could markedly be improved by addition to the aqueous exfraction solvent of about 25% acetonitrile, an observation indicating binding of furazolidone to pork-specific proteins. 

High riboflavin content (1000-10,000 micrograms/100 grams). Beef (kidneys, liver), calf (kidneys, liver), chicken (liver), pork (heart, kidneys, liver), sheep (kidneys, liver), yeast (killed)... 

Prior to 1961, ribonucleoside 2, 3 -cyclic phosphate diesterase activity had been reported from two vertebrate tissues, calf spleen (24) and beef... 

A-5 High content of vit.A - 10,000 to 76.000 l.U. /lOO gm. i.e. Liver - beef, pig, sheep, chicken calf. Liver oil - cod, shark, whale, salmon. Plants -carrots, spinach, mint, turnip green, parselyand palm oil. 

Zinc and Cu, as well as Co, are also assuming increasing importance in animal nutrition. In New Zealand, Zn supplementation of farm animals has decreased cow and calf losses and has alleviated facial eczema in sheep. In the U.S.A., weight gains in beef cows and calves have been improved by Zn additions to feed (Allaway, 1975). Farm animals are often supplied with Cu in the form of dietary mineral supplements. In the U.S.A., Co is usually added to mixed feeds or salt licks where needed. 

Gay N, Boling JA, Dew R, Miksch DE. Effects of endophyte-infected tall fesuce on beef cow-calf performance. Appl Agric Res 3 182, 1988. 

Further work was performed by Dr. Max Wolf, who fotmded the Biological Research Institute in New York City. In some of his studies, cancer cells in close juxtaposition with normal cells woirld take over. After a few days the normal cells would die off and decompose, while the cancer cells kept growing. If an rarzyme solution was introduced, the cancer cells would first start to grow without restraint toward the normal cells, birt woirld then stop growing, and would in turn shrivel and dissolve. The normal cells, however, showed hardly any effect. A mixture prepared from beef pancreas, calf thymus, plus the plant species Pisum sativum (pea). Lens esculenta (lentil), papaya, and the crystalline alcohol mannitol was found to be most... 

Fig. 9. Relation between Td (the melting point of tropo-collagen) and the sum (pro + hyp). Data for vertebrate collagens are represented by , and the line has been drawn for these points. Data for worm collagens are represented by O. Sources of collagen were as follows (1) Rattail tendon and skin. (2) Calf skin. (3) Maigre skin. (4) Dogfish skin. (5) Cod skin. (6) Pike skin. (7) Tuna skin. (8) Carp skin. (9) Beef tendon. (10) Human skin and tendon. (11) Pheretima cuticle. (12) Disaster cuticle. (13) Digaster body. (14) Allolobophora cuticle. (15) Allolobophora body. (16) Ascaris cuticle. (17) Ascaris body. (18) Macracanthorpynchus body.

As you are keeping a cow for her milk, you may not want to wait for the calf to wean itself in 12 weeks time, so you can force the issue by taking the calf away from its mother—gradually, at first, for a few hours at a time— when it is a week old. Check that the calf can drink diluted milk from a bucket, then lead it a few steps away from its mother where the animals can still see each other. Feed the calf hay as soon as it can eat, and by the fall, it can be turned into beef or kept for future milking, depending on its gender. 

A pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase activity with a broader specificity than the yeast enzyme has been demonstrated in animal tissues. Highly purified preparations from calf thymus (15) and beef erythrocytes (16) accepted orotate and 5-fluorouracil as substrates. Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity has also been demonstrated in extracts from mouse leukemia cells. Fluorouracil is a better substrate for this enzyme than uracil at pH 7.5, possibly because the acid dissociation constant for the analogue (pif 8.15) is higher than that of uracil (pK, 9.45) (17). This reasoning would suggest that the anionic form of the substrate might be the species required by the enzyme. This enzyme has been implicated in the... 

Food workers are also exposed to animal products (Table 5). Not only raw meat (beef [95-97], chicken [98, 99], lamb [12], pork [86]), but any other part of the animal handled, such as skin (chicken [99], turkey [12]), liver (chicken [100], calf [101], pork [98]), gut (pig [101]) and blood (cow, pig [102]), (Table 2) have been found to cause contact urticaria or PCD. Animal derivatives such as milk [103,104], cheese [105,106] or [39, 43, 67], as well as fish [107-109] and other seafood [30, 110, 111] have also been responsible for immediate contact reactions. The exposed workers are... 

Thiamine contents in meats using the GC methods are in lg/5 g ( SD) calf liver, 25.3 4.0 pork chops, 54.6 1.6 chicken, 7.2 1.5 and ground beef, 10.5 0.9. These values are in good agreement with those obtained by the official AO AC method (1980). Deviation from the experimental mean of 10 trials was usually within 10%. The detection limit of this GC method for thiamine is 0.8 J,g/mL, corresponding to 2.4 pmol injected. 

Cobalt— This mineral, which is an integral part of vitamin B-12—an essential factor in the formation of red blood cells, must be ingested in the form of vitamin B-12 in order to be of value to man hence, a table showing the cobalt content of human foods serves no useful purpose. The oigan meats (liver, kidney) are excellent sources of vitamin B-12 (hence, of cobalt). The vitamin B-12 content, in mcg/100 g, of some rich animal food sources follows beef liver. 111 clams, 98 lamb kidneys, 63 turkey liver, 48 and calf kidney, 25. 

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