Calf muscles

Intermittent claudication is a group of symptoms characterized by pain in the calf muscle of one or both legp, caused by walking and relieved by rest. It is a manifestation of peripheral vascular disease, in which atherosclerotic lesions develop in the femoral artery, diminishing blood supply to the lower leg. Cilostazol is used to treat intermittent claudication. 

Nonpharmacologic methods improve venous blood flow by mechanical means and include early ambulation, electrical stimulation of calf muscles during prolonged surgery, graduated compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression devices, and inferior vena cava filters. 

The nerve fibers most vulnerable to -hexane exposure in rats were the branches of the tibial nerve serving the calf muscles of the hind limbs, followed in order by the plantar nerve branches supplying the flexor digitorum brevis muscle, and then sensory plantar nerve branches innervating the digits. As... 

Figure 1 Images of rats with unilateral Staphylococcus aureus abscess in calf muscle, recorded at 0 (live minutes), 1,6, and 24 hours postinjection of Tc-labeled hydrazino nicotinamide-liposomes (A) and hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime-liposomes (B).

Of all mushroom poisonings in two Swiss studies, 20 to 50% were due to this mushroom. One to two hours postingestion the patient may experience abdominal pain, violent vomiting, sweating, diarrhea, and cramping in the calf muscles. Symptoms usually last for two to six hours, but full recovery may take three to six days. 

E. Weller, P. Bachert, H.M. Meinck, B. Friedmann, P. Bartsch, H. Mairbaurl, Lack of effect of oral Mg-supplementation on Mg in serum, blood cells, and calf muscle, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30 (1998) 1584-1591. 

Assess for relief of cramping in the feet, calf muscles, thighs, and buttocks during... 

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients usually feel leg pain when walking, which is caused by insufficient blood flow to keep up with energy demand. The P MRS data collected in a PAD patient group showed prolonged PCr recovery rate (or time constants) in the calf muscle after exhaustive exercise, suggesting the transition from anaerobic to aerobic energy metabolism is delayed due to impaired oxygen supply or mitochondria fimction caused by atherosclerosis. ... 

After 2 years of poliomyelitis onset, patients still suffering from the paralysis, fatigue, or weakness of muscle are referred to as having postpolio residual paralysis (PPRP). Sharma et al. studied the calf muscle of the affected leg in a group of 19 PPRP patients with P MRS. They found that PCr/Pi ratio was lower in patients than in controls. They also found significant increases in both PME/PCr and PDE/PCr ratios in patients, a point which needs further investigation. 

T. R. Brown, R. Stoyanova, T. Greenberg, R. Srinivasan and J. Murphy-Boesch, NOE enhancements and T1 relaxation times of phosphorylated metabolites in human calf muscle at 1.5 Telsa. Magn. Reson. Med., 1995, 33, 417-421. 

R. Esterhammer, M. Schocke, O. Gorny, L. Posch, H. Messner, W. Haschke, G. Praedrich and A. Greiner, Phosphocreatine kinetics in the calf muscle of patients with bilateral symptomatic peripheral arterial disease during exhaustive incremental exercise. Mol. Imaging Biol, 2008,10,30-39. 

Hamada, M. Kuby, S.A. Studies on adenosine triphosphate transphosphorylases. XIII. Kinetic properties of the crystalline rabbit muscle ATP-AMP transphorphorylase (adenylate kinase) and a comparison with the crystalline calf muscle and liver adenylate kinases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 190, 772-792 (1978)... 

Apart from differences between muscle tissues from various parts of an animal, there are qualitative and quantitative differences in composition between animal species. Therefore, analytical methods will always have lo be tested on material from each individual species, since differences in fat composition, in the presence of species-specific proteins, and in colored components such as in the case of myoglobin in poultry and beef may influence both the extraction and the separation of the analytes. As an example, a recovery higher than 70% was obtained for furazolidone after spiking chicken and veal calf muscle tissue but only 10% after spiking pork tissue (16). In this study, the recovery from pork meat could markedly be improved by addition to the aqueous exfraction solvent of about 25% acetonitrile, an observation indicating binding of furazolidone to pork-specific proteins. 

Quantification and confirmation of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline residues in milk (84) as well as chloramphenicol residues in calf muscle (85) have been also carried out using LC-PB-NCI-MS. Use of an SIM mode allowed a detection limit of about 100 ppb for the tetracyclines and 2 ppb for chloramphenicol residues. 

A generic enzyme immunoassay for the determination of several synthetic corticosteroids including dexamethasone, betamethasone, flumethasone, triamcinolone, prednisolone, and methylprednisolone in milk, liver, kidney, and muscle samples was recently developed (156). Antibodies raised against dexamethasone-21-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin were used in this assay, whereas dexa-methasone-horseradish peroxidase was the label conjugate. Skimmed milk could be directly screened for the presence of corticosteroids at limits of detection of 0.1 ppb for dexamethasone, betamethasone, and flumethasone, 0.3 ppb for triamcinolone and 0.5 ppb for prednisolone. Tissue samples were submitted, prior to the immunoassay, to an extraction/cleanup procedure involving liquid-liquid partitions with acetonitrile-water followed by hexane-chloroform. Background values for bovine liver, swine kidney, and calf muscle were determined to be 0.26, 0.26, and 0.07 ppb, respectively, of dexamethasone equivalents. 

Allen, P.S., G.O. Matheson, G. Zhu, D. Gheorgiu, R.S. Dunlop, T. Falconer, C. Stanley, and P.W. Hochachka (1997). Simultaneous 31P magnetic resource spectroscopy of the soleus and gastrocnemius in sherpas during graded calf muscle exercise and recovery. Am. J. Physiol. 273 R999-R1007. 

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