Bacillus subtilis, inhibition

Bacillus subtilis -inhibited by sorbates [SORBIC ACID] (Vol 22) - [ANTIBIOTICS - PEPTIDES] (Vol 3) - [AMINO AC IDS - SURVEY] (Vol 2) -genetic engineering of [GENETIC ENGINEERING - MICROBES] (Vol 12) -inhibited by sorbates [SORBIC ACID] (Vol 22)... 

Lui X, Liu F, Liu S, Li H, Ling P, Zhu X. Poly-y-glutamate from Bacillus subtilis inhibits tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013 97 9801-9. 

Early studies by Terawaki and Greenberg on the antibiotic activity of carzinophilin established that it inhibited DNA synthesis but not RNA or protein synthesis in E. coli strain Bo and in Bacillus subtilis [134]. They also found that exposure to carzinophilin removed the transforming capacity of B. subtilis DNA [135]. They... 

Fig. 4. a) Inhibition of microbial growth by GA, from Bacillus subtilis. Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, b) Growth curve of Bacillus subtilis at 32 ° C ( ) Milk, (O) milk with addedGA47pM. 

In 1998, two bioassay methods were considered by the Chilean Regulation Institute (INN) as the first attempts for the introduction of microbioassays for routine testing in Chilean regulations (1) the Bacillus subtilis growth inhibition test for toxicity evaluation of industrial effluents discharged into sewers, to detect interference with the BOD, is near endorsement and (2) the assessment of acute toxicity in receiving waters using D. pulex is presently under discussion. 

In 1998 the long-known Bacillus subtilis inorganic pyrophosphatase was characterized and found to have much greater activity than the above enzymes, to have a completely different amino acid sequence, not to be inhibited by F and to be activated by This form of... 

Several methods for performing the test have been described, the guideline describes the diffusion and suspension test. Bacteria should be exposed to the test substance both in the presence and absence of an appropriate metabolic activation system. The response is expressed in the preferential inhibition of growth or the preferential killing of the DNA repair deficient strain. Escherichia coli polA (W3110/p3478) or Bacillus subtilis rec (H17/M45) pairs are recommended. The test should initially be performed over a broad range of concentrations. 

The diazo group confers a broad spectrum of activity on the 2-substi-tuted indoles. In fact, 3-diazo-2-substituted indoles are effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Proteus vulgaris bacteria (65MI1), and 3-diazo-2-ethoxycarbo-nylindole inhibits sarcoma 180 in mice and rats (83KFZ1183). 

Bacillus subtilis defense mechanism, 610 bovine semm albumin y-radiation, 614 generation inhibition, 612 hydroperoxide synthesis, 315, 320 ludgenin oxidation, 645, 1250-1 luminol oxidation, 643, 644, 1242-4 organic sulfur compounds, 1032-9 ozone water disinfection, 606 peroxynitrite generation, 10, 611-12 Superoxide dismutase (SOD)... 

Mechanism of Action An antitubercular that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, an enzyme in susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Rifabutin has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity including against mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Therapeutic Effect Prevents MAC disease. 

This antibiotic is obtained from Bacillus subtilis. It is effective against gram positive (cocci and bacilli). Neisseria and H. influenzae. It is used only topically as antibacterial powder, skin and eye ointment and acts by inhibiting the cell wall synthesis. It is bactericidal. 

Kalihinols G (277) and H (278) were trace components of a species of Acanthella from Guam and kalihinol X (279) was isolated from a Fijian species of Acanthella. All inhibited growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans [278]. 10-Epi-isokalihinol H (280) and 15-isothiocyanato-l-epi-kalihinene (281) were isolated from Acanthella cavernosa from the Seychelles [279]. A Japanese specimen of A. cavernosa contained a sesquiterpene isothiocyanate (282) and 10 3-formamido-5p-isothiocyanatokalihinol A (283). Structures were assigned by spectral data interpretation [280]. Phakellia pulcherrima from the Philippines contained the minor diterpene isothiocyanates kalihinol L (284), 10-isothiocyanatokalihinol G (285), 10-epi-kalihinol H (286) and 10-isothiocyanatokalihinol C (287) [281]. 10-Epi-kalihinol I (288) and 5,10-bisisothiocyanatokalihinol G (289) were isolated from an Acanthella sp. from Okinawa [282]. 

There have been three reports of the same dimeric disulfide. It was first isolated from an unidentified sponge from Guam and the structure elucidated by analysis of spectral data. The (E,E) stereochemistry of the disulfide (500) was defined by comparing the I3C NMR spectroscopic data with those of the (E,Z)-isomer (501) that was obtained as an unstable minor product [425]. Compound 500 was isolated from a species of Psammaplysilla and was called psammaplin A [426]. It was also isolated from Thorectopsamma xana, collected from the same location in Guam, together with a minor dimeric metabolite bisaprasin (502). Both compounds inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis [427]. Psammaplin A (bisprasin) (500) was later isolated from a Dysidea species of sponge and shown to act on Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release channels of skeletal muscle [428]. 

In 1991 and 1992, muscle, kidney, and liver samples that gave positive results in a Bacillus subtilis inhibitor test were further analyzed to identify and quantify the drug residues responsible for the inhibition (12). Antimicrobial substances were identified in 45% of the samples analyzed. In most cases, the found residues... 

The basic microbial inhibition assay format involves a standard culture of a test organism, usually Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus megatherium, or Strepto-793... 

The Aria test is a routine assay in which a heat-treated milk sample is added to a well of a microtiter plate containing a freeze-dried tablet containing Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, nutrients, and triphenyltetrazoliumchloride as redox indicator (33). Following incubation, the normal growth of the organism is inhibited if antibacterials are present, and the uncolored indicator is not reduced into its red form. Detection of sulfonamides requires prior addition of trimethoprim in the milk samples analyzed. 

In the six-plate test, the sample is brought in a punch hole or a paper disc on each of the six test plates that have been inoculated with Bacillus cereus. Bacillus subtilis (pH 6), Bacillus subtilis (pH 8), Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus stearothermophilus, respectively (33). Once the samples have been introduced, the plates are incubated for the required time at the required temperature. If, on one of the plates, a zone of inhibition of 1.0 mm is observed around the disks or holes, the result of the test is considered positive, provided that interferences have been excluded. 

Since 1974, Bacillus subtilis EGA has been officially employed as the test organism in the German Hemmstoff test to detect residues of tetracyclines, -lactams and aminoglycosides in kidney and muscle tissues with high sensitivity (72). Macrolides can be also detected, but to a lesser extent, whereas chloramphenicol and sulfonamides are difficult to detect. For better detection of sulfonamides, a modification of this test, the German three-plate inhibition test, was developed. This test is based on the same test organism but uses three pH values (6, 8, and 7.2), with the addition of trimethoprim. The pH relationship between the three... 

Another test that has been adapted by the Center for Veterinary Drug Residues, Saskatoon, Canada, to screen muscle samples from imported carcasses is the cube inhibition test (CIT) (83). Tissue preparation is similar to that in the German three-plate test in that tissue cubes are placed on seeded media. The organism is Bacillus subtilis, two different agar plates are used, and incubation is carried out at 37 C for 18-24 h. 

For very rapid on-farm screening of antibiotic residues in animal tissues, the swab test on premises (STOP) has been widely employed (86). This test involves inserting a cotton swab directly into meat tissues, allowing it to absorb tissue fluids. The swab is the removed and placed on a test plate to be incubated with Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 spores at 29 C overnight for evidence of inhibition around the swab. 

The CAST uses Bacillus megatherium and a 16-24 h incubation at 44-45 C, whereas STOP employs Bacillus subtilis and a 16-24 h incubation at 27-29 C. A zone of inhibition around the swab suggests the presence of a microbial inhibitor in the sample. In the US, bob veal calf carcasses are condemned on the basis of a positive CAST without further confirmation. For FAST, the organism and temperature are the same as those for the CAST, but the CAST medium is supplemented with dextrose and bromocresol purple. The faster growth rate of bacteria with FAST, allows reduction of minimum incubation from 16 to 6h. 

In April 1988, the new kidney Dutch test (NKDT) replaced the Micrococcus (formerly Sarcina ) luteus kidney test. The NKDT is an one-plate test based on examination of the urine present in the renal pelvis by means of paper discs inserted in the renal pelvis (104). The test organism is Bacillus subtilis BGA and incubation is performed for 13-18 h at 37 C. The kidney is incised, and four paper discs are inserted and left there for 30 min. Two paper disks are placed diagonally on the surface of the test plate, and three control disks containing 0.5 g oxytetracycline, 0.05 g sulfamethazine, and 0.5 g tylosin are also placed in the middle of the plate. If both sample inhibition diameters are equal to or... 

Arima, K., Kakinuma, A. Tamura, G. (1968). Surfactin, a crystalline peptidolipid surfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis isolation, characterization and its inhibition of fibrin clot formation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 31, 488-94. 

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