Pelvis, renal

Summation The overall response is the arithmetic sum of the contribution brought by each receptor (e.g., NKX and NK2). Capsaicin-induced contraction of rat isolated urinary bladder, electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced nonadrenergic, noncholinergic contraction of the isolated guinea pig bronchus or renal pelvis when SP metabolism is blocked by peptidase inhibitors are all examples of summation. Both NK and NK2r antagonists are required to abolish such kind of response, but each antagonist substantially reduces the response... 

Cys/tt/sUnflammation of the bladder i/reffirft/sUnflammation of the urethra Prosfaf/f/s-inflammation of the male prostate gland Pyefonephritis-inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis... 

Changes to the urinary tract in pregnant women predispose them to an increased incidence of bacteriuria, and subsequent urinary tract infections that may follow. These changes are not limited to amino acid and other nutrient concentrations in the urine, but extend to physiologic changes such as reduced bladder tone and dilation of the renal pelvis and ureters.22,23... 

Kidney renal pelvis 19,600 (3%) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 9,600 (3%) Brain other nervous system 5,590 (2%)... 

Leukemia Kidney renal pelvis Liver intrahepatic bile duct... 

Nephrostomy Insertion of a catheter through the skin into the renal pelvis to bypass ureteral obstruction and facilitate urine drainage. 

Schmauz, R., Cole, P., Epidemiology of cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, JNCI, 52, 1431, 1974. 

Ross, R. K., Paganini-Hill, A., Landolph, J., Gerkins, V., Henderson, B. E., Analgesics, cigarette smoking, and other risk factors for cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, Cancer Res, 49, 1045, 1989. 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 649—650.) Acute hyperuricemia, which often occurs in patients who are treated with cytotoxic drugs for neoplasic disorders, can lead to the deposition of urate crystals in the kidneys and their collecting ducts. This can produce partial or complete obstruction of the collecting ducts, renal pelvis, or ureter. Allopurinol and its primary metabolite, alloxanthine, are inhibitors of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of hypo xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. The use of allopurinol in patients at risk can markedly reduce the likelihood that they will develop acute uric acid nephropathy. 

Whether or not the kidneys are sliced transversely to examine the renal pelvis varies among laboratories. Hydronephrosis, delayed papillary development, and distended renal pelvis are most readily detected in this manner. However, it is not necessary to slice the kidneys to detect the urinary retention that can lead to distended renal pelvis and hydronephrosis. This point was demonstrated in a study in which 200,000 IU kg 1 day-1 of vitamin A administered orally on Days 8 to 10 of... 

Renal effects have been observed in both male and female rats in a chronic-duration oral study. Male Fischer 344 rats exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene at 150 and 300 mg/kg/day for 2 years exhibited nephropathy, epithelial hyperplasia of the renal pelvis, mineralization of the collecting tubules in the renal medulla, and focal hyperplasia of the tubular epithelium. Each of these effects was associated with hyalin droplet formation. There were also increased incidences of nephropathy in female Fischer 344 rats dosed with 1,4-dichlorobenzene at 300 and 600 mg/kg/day. Histopathologically, the nephropathy was characterized by degeneration and regeneration of the tubular epithelium, tubular dilatation with attenuation and atrophy of the epithelium, granular casts in the tubules of the outer stripe of the medulla, thickening of the basement membranes, and minimal accumulation of interstitial collagen (NTP 1987). 

The smallest functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. In the glomerular capillary loops, ultrafiltration of plasma fluid into Bowman s capsule (BC) yields primary urine. In the proximal tubules (pT), approx. 70% of the ultrafiltrate is retrieved by isoosmotic reabsorption of NaCl and water. In the thick portion of the ascending limb of Henle s loop (HL), NaCl is absorbed unaccompanied by water. This is the prerequisite for the hairpin countercurrent mechanism that allows build-up of a very high NaQ concentration in the renal medulla In the distal tubules (dT), NaCl and water are again jointly reabsorbed. At the end of the nephron, this process involves an aldosterone-controlled exchange of Na+ against 1C or H. In the collecting tubule (C), vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) increases the epithelial permeability for water, which is drawn into the hyperosmolar milieu of the renal medulla and thus retained in the body. As a result, a concentrated urine enters the renal pelvis. 

In rats, AAF had no demonstrable acute toxicity in quantities up to 50mg/kg subcutaneously and 1 g/% gastrically however, AAF was very toxic when administered in the diet." Incorporation of 0.031% AAF or higher for at least 95 days led to epithelial hyperplasia of the bladder, renal pelvis, liver, pancreas, and lung 19 of 39 rats developed malignant tumors, 16 of which were carcinomas." ... 

Renal eorrex Renal medulla Renal pelvis... 

In the chronic gavage study by NTP (1986), dosed male rats had increased incidences of renal tubular cell hyperplasia, epithelial cell hyperplasia of the renal pelvis, and tubular mineralization. The male rats also had increased incidences of renal tubular cell tumors. The hyperplasia of the tubular cells, therefore, may represent a preneoplastic response (see discussion of cancer below). These proliferative kidney lesions were not observed in male or female mice or in female rats. The mechanism for the induction of proliferative kidney lesions may also be related to a2p-globulin-induced nephropathy (see discussion of cancer below), again raising the question of the relevance of the proliferative kidney lesions in male rats to humans. This issue is presently the subject of scientific investigation. 

The ureteric bud develops into the ureter, and the swelling at its end becomes the renal pelvis. The repeated branching of the ureteric bud results in the formation of the major and minor calyces (the large ducts that empty into the renal pelvis) and the system of collecting tubules. The two major calyces form from the first branching of the ureteric bud, around the end of the 6th week. 

Despite the high rate of proliferation, there is also significant apoptosis in the kidney. Apoptosis is associated with three processes of kidney development. The first is during early nephron formation, perhaps as a way to get rid of cells that did not undergo the mesenchyme-epithelial transition. The second phase of apoptosis sculpts the glomeruli, and the third phase occurs later in the medulla and renal pelvis. Mice that overexpress p53 have excessive cell death and develop kidneys that are smaller than normal. Mice that are null for the bcl-2 gene have excessive apoptosis early in renal development, followed by hyperproliferation. This leads to the development of cystic kidneys. 

In April 1988, the new kidney Dutch test (NKDT) replaced the Micrococcus (formerly Sarcina ) luteus kidney test. The NKDT is an one-plate test based on examination of the urine present in the renal pelvis by means of paper discs inserted in the renal pelvis (104). The test organism is Bacillus subtilis BGA and incubation is performed for 13-18 h at 37 C. The kidney is incised, and four paper discs are inserted and left there for 30 min. Two paper disks are placed diagonally on the surface of the test plate, and three control disks containing 0.5 g oxytetracycline, 0.05 g sulfamethazine, and 0.5 g tylosin are also placed in the middle of the plate. If both sample inhibition diameters are equal to or... 

A rapid test based on ATP/bioluminescence (106) is also available for kidney prescreening. In this test, a paper filter disc is inserted for 30 min into the renal pelvis of the kidney sample. It is then transferred to a cuvette and incubated with a commercially available test culture Bacillus subtilis BGA at 40 C for 3 h in presence of trimethoprim. The amount of ATP is estimated on the basis of the light released after addition of luciferin/luciferinase reagent. In a variation of this test (107), small cubes of kidney tissue are excised and frozen to be placed directly upon four agar plates, each seeded with a different microorganism. The plates are refrigerated for approximately 4 h, and then are incubated overnight at 37 C. 

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