Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis

The aqueous/methanol fraction of the dichloromethane extract of Carthamus lanatus L. exhibited a high rate of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [35], while crude dichloromethane extracts of the aerial parts and roots of Leontopodium alpinum Cass, exhibited significant growth inhibition of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes [36]. 

Salleh E, Muhamad II, Kharniddin N (2007) Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli by antimicrobial starch-based film incorporated with lauric acid and chitosan. In Proceedings of the 3rd CIGR section VI international symposium on food and agricultural products processing and innovation. Naples, Italy... 

Fig. 4. a) Inhibition of microbial growth by GA, from Bacillus subtilis. Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, b) Growth curve of Bacillus subtilis at 32 ° C ( ) Milk, (O) milk with addedGA47pM. 

Kalihinols G (277) and H (278) were trace components of a species of Acanthella from Guam and kalihinol X (279) was isolated from a Fijian species of Acanthella. All inhibited growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans [278]. 10-Epi-isokalihinol H (280) and 15-isothiocyanato-l-epi-kalihinene (281) were isolated from Acanthella cavernosa from the Seychelles [279]. A Japanese specimen of A. cavernosa contained a sesquiterpene isothiocyanate (282) and 10 3-formamido-5p-isothiocyanatokalihinol A (283). Structures were assigned by spectral data interpretation [280]. Phakellia pulcherrima from the Philippines contained the minor diterpene isothiocyanates kalihinol L (284), 10-isothiocyanatokalihinol G (285), 10-epi-kalihinol H (286) and 10-isothiocyanatokalihinol C (287) [281]. 10-Epi-kalihinol I (288) and 5,10-bisisothiocyanatokalihinol G (289) were isolated from an Acanthella sp. from Okinawa [282]. 

The same enzyme has been highly purified from another strain (strain K) of Bacillus subtilis, and their properties have been fully investigated by Yamasaki and Arima (119, 120). They have confirmed the findings by Nishimura and Maruo and have found, moreover, that ATP and dATP strongly inhibit the enzyme. Yamasaki and Arima suggested that ATP might participate in the regulation of intracellular RNase activity. 

Figure 2. Inhibition of growth of Bacillus subtilis by triazolopyrimidine reversal by valine, leucine and isoleucine.

For example, in cultures of Bacillus subtilis, protein synthesis had ceased entirely after one fourth of a doubling time when RNA synthesis was specifically and completely inhibited by actionomycin D33. Since the initiation of a new round of DNA biosynthesis requires the ad hoc synthesis of initiator protein(s), DNA biosynthesis comes to a standstill after a lag as the result of the failure of initiator protein synthesis. This interesting sequence of events was first described by Kirk34 for the action of actinomycin D in Staphylococcus aureus. 

Boromycin at a concentration of 0.05 pg/mL inhibits the synthesis of protein, RNA and DNA in whole cells of Bacillus subtilis [42]. It is being antagonized by surface active compounds and is bound to lipoprotein. Binding of boromycin within the cell takes place especially at the cytoplasmic membrane. 

Schiller, C.T. M.A. Ellis F.D. Tenne J.B. Sinclair. Effect of Bacillus subtilis on soybean seed decay, germination, and stand inhibition. Plant Dis. Reporter 1977, 61, 213-217. 

Xanthocillin-X monomethylether (XME), dimethylether (XDE), and itiethoxy xanthocillin-X dimethylether (XTE) have been isolated from Dendotomyces albus and from two strains of Asp. chevalieri by Suzuki and co-workers (258). All these compounds decompose near 183°C and are effective against Newcastle disease and inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis. XME specifically inhibits the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 (259) and shows an inhibitory activity against platelet aggregation. 

Kubota and coworkers reported high antibacterial activity for enmein (62), isodonal (71), nodosin (66), oridonin (32), and enmein-3-acetate (63) against Gram-positive bacteria (134) and showed that trichodonin (70), shikokianin (24), umbrosin A (1), and umbrosin B (2) inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis 134, 135). Shikokianidin (49) and the dihydro derivatives of the active diterpenoids were inactive, while their acetates retained the activity. It was therefore concluded that the a-methylene-cyclopentanone moiety was essential for antibacterial activity, the activity being attributed to a Michael-type addition of a sulfhydryl enzyme to this function (Scheme 40) 134). 

Furthermore, cytochalasans exhibit antimicrobial effects, whereas cytochalasin A (1087), for example, inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and cytochalasin D (1091) acts as an antifungal agent against cinerea (718,... 

End-product inhibition of AS activity by tryptophan appears to be a rather common control mechanism among microorganisms. Nester and Jensen [71] described tryptophan inhibition of B. subtilis AS activity as the first step in sequential feedback control. Excess tryptophan would result in inhibition of the conversion of chorismate to anthrani-late. The consequent accumulation of chorismic acid would then serve as a feedback inhibitor of the DAMPS, the first enzyme in the pathway leading to chorismate synthesis. Bacillus alvei has an anthranilate synthetase which is extremely sensitive to inhibition by tryptophan [98]. In contrast to the mode of AS feedback inhibition in E. coli and S. typhimurium, the B. alvei AS is inhibited by tryptophan noncom-petitively with respect to chorismate and uncompetitively with respect to glutamine. It is the only Bacillus species, among 21 studied, which did not exhibit a sequential feedback control pattern [79]. 

Rifampicin is also an inhibitor of the synthesis of a number of phages and viruses. It has been demonstrated that the RNA polymerase, which transcribes phage p 22 following infection of Bacillus subtilis, retains the rifampicin sensitivity of the host cell enzyme , Rifampicin also inhibits the formation of infectious vaccinia virus and viral particles. Whereas virion formation is completely inhibited neither the synthesis of RNA and protein nor the activity of in vitro RNA polymerase associated to the virion is affected lt>, Rifampicin inhibits the multiplication of poxvirus in vitro and in vivo. The side chain of this antibiotic derivative appears to be essential for the anti-viral effect and anti-trachomal activity found in... 

R. Kellman, B. Tanlmoto and R. H. Doi, Selective Inhibition of Sporulation of Bacillus Subtilis by Netropsin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 67 414 (1975). 

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