Residue antibiotics

Arikan OA, Mulbry W, Rice C (2009) Management of antibiotic residues from agricultural sources use of composting to reduce chlortetracycline residues in beef manure from treated animals. J Hazard Mater 164 483 189... 

If both the farms and the dairy are covered by a reliable control system, the everyday monitoring will take place at the optimal CCP at the farm and analysis of milk samples at the dairy will only be needed at low frequency for verification of the system (Principle 6). This will ensure that there are no antibiotic residues in the milk sold by the dairy, with minimal expenses for control. In fact, the most expensive item will be the cost of the unannounced inspections at the farms to monitor the integrity of the system. However, if not all the farms are covered by a sufficiently good control system, the dairy will have to add the extra costs of its own independent system, in order to be able to take responsibility for this quality aspect. So the main benefit of a supply chain-based system is that it provides full control at the lowest cost. The main drawback is that the more entities that are involved, the greater is the risk that one of them will experience a system failure and this can have disastrous consequences for all those other entities that rely on the defaulting entity for their product control. 

J. Kramer, G. Carter, B. Arret, J. Wilner, W. Wright, and A. Kirshbaum, Antibiotic Residues in Milk, Dairy Products, and Animal Tissues Methods, Reports, and Protocols,... 

Penicillins are one of the most important families of antibiotics used in veterinary and human medicine. But due to their rapid transformation in environmental media (easy hydrolysis of the /1-lactam ring), their persistence in environmental samples should be low. Thus, some works aimed at detecting antibiotic residues in water samples point out the absence of penicillin residues in spite of this drug being widely used [24,25]. 

Thorsten C,Goldbach H (2003) Determination of antibiotic residues in manure, soil, and surface waters. 3rd international conference on pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals in water. Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn... 

In addition to these monitoring studies, the FSIS performed on-site screening assays to measure the frequency of animals at slaughter having sulfonamide and antibiotic residues present in violative levels (1998 results are presented in Table 12.3). The results of both studies were consistent both indicated a low frequency of violative antibiotic residues in a wide variety of animals used for food. 

Notes STOP = swab test on premises, measures antibiotic residues in the kidney FAST = fast antimicrobial screen test, measures antibiotic and sulfonamide residue in kidney and liver SOS = sulfa-on-site, measures for sulfonamide residues. 

The data in Table 12.6 indicate the low incidence of antibiotic residues in market milk sampled and analyzed by both regulatory and industrial programs (FDA, 2001). An approximate 0.1% violation incidence is good considering... 

Charm Sciences Inc. (USA). The Screening Test for Antibiotic Residues (STAR) five-plate test was evaluated for the screening of 66 antibiotics in milk [178]. 

Antibiotics are routinely added to animal feed in conventional agriculture. This can have various effects on humans. Direct transmission of antibiotic residues in animal products to people may cause direct toxicity, i.e. allergies, or lead to the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria. Another threat is antibiotic-resistant forms of bacteria harmful to mankind that might appear in animals and pass from them to humans (Smith 1974), or may impart resistance to other bacteria by plasmid or transposon interchange (Franco et al. 1990). The resulting dmg-resistant and harmful micro-organisms can then not be treated successfully (Silverstone 1993). 

Many of the organisms employed are extremely sensitive to antibiotic residuals in the milk. As shown in Table III, as little as 0.05 to 1.0 lU/ml of penicillin and 0.05 to 10.0 microgram/ml of aureomycin inhibited the growth of 19 cheese starter cultures (18). Lower levels are capable of affecting the flavor and texture properties of the product (14, 19) as well as promoting the growth of undesirable antibiotic resistant coliforms (14, 20). 

There is an additional protection against residues, because antibiotics in meat tend to be destroyed by cooking.. For example, Broquist and Kohler found that chicken breast muscle containing 12 parts per million of chlortetracycline had 0.14 parts per million after roasting at 230 C for 15 minutes and no detectable amounts after half an hour. The original level of 12 ppm was about 60 times as high as would be produced by 400 ppm in the animal feed, without a withdrawal period W. The UK Swann Committee reported that the only possible effect of residues on consumers arose from penicillin in milk from cows treated for udder infections in which the withdrawal time for the antibiotic had not been observed. Cases of skin rashes were reported from the consumption of such milk by sensitive patients. The Committee commented that "there are no known instances in which harmful effects in human beings have resulted from antibiotic residues in food other than milk" ( ) ... 

The violation rate for antibiotics, as determined by USDA, also needs to be examined in order to discuss the regulatory concerns for antibiotic residues. Table 4 lists the violative residue rates for antibacterials in several species for the years 1979 through 1983. 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture Meat and Poultry Antibiotic Residue Testing Program... 

The USA monitoring and surveillance programs for detecting antibiotic residues in the domestic and imported meat supply are described. An overview of the field/laboratory tests currently in use is also provided ... 

Meat and Poultry products exported to the USA are also checked for antibiotic residues. Imported meat must meet the same residue standards as those established for domestic production. 

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