Tincture, antiseptic

Iodine (I) Iodine is a purplish-black solid. Like its vertical neighbors in the periodic table, bromine and chlorine, iodine is a diatomic molecule, I2. The topical antiseptics, tincture of iodine and betadine, both contain iodine. 

Iodine has different medical uses. The antiseptic tincture of iodine (3% iodine and 2.5% potassium iodide in alcohol) has been known since 1828. PVPI is a modern disinfectant with 1-3% iodine, bound in a complex way to polyvinylpyrroHdone. It is ap-pHed to the skin before surgical operations. Iodine is used as an alternative to chlorine for disinfection of drinking water. Even in such small concentrations as 1 ppm, iodine has a positive effect and is without the negative secondary effects characteristic of chlorine. 

Solutions are everywhere around us. Most of the gases, liquids, and solids we see are mixtures of at least one substance dissolved in another. There are different types of solutions. The air we breathe is a solution that is primarily oxygen and nitrogen gases. Carbon dioxide gas dissolved in water makes carbonated drinks. When we make solutions of coffee or tea, we use hot water to dissolve substances from coffee beans or tea leaves. The ocean is also a solution, consisting of many salts such as sodium chloride dissolved in water. In your medicine cabinet, the antiseptic tincture of iodine is a solution of iodine dissolved in ethanol. 

Iodine as such finds few uses but a solution in alcohol and water, also containing potassium iodide ( tincture of iodine was commonly used as an antiseptic for cuts and wounds, but had rather an irritant action. Iodoform (triiodomethane), CHI3, is also an antiseptic, but newer compounds of iodine are now in use. Silver iodide, like silver bromide, is extensively used in the photographic industry. 

Medical Usage. Isopropyl alcohol is also used as an antiseptic and disinfectant for home, hospital, and industry (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). It is about twice as effective as ethyl alcohol in these appHcations (153,154). Rubbing alcohol, a popular 70 vol % isopropyl alcohol-in-water mixture, exemplifies the medicinal use of isopropyl alcohol. Other examples include 30 vol % isopropyl alcohol solutions for medicinal liniments, tinctures of green soap, scalp tonics, and tincture of mercurophen. It is contained in pharmaceuticals, eg, local anesthetics, tincture of iodine, and bathing solutions for surgical sutures and dressings. Over 200 uses of isopropyl alcohol have been tabulated (2). 

Disinfection destroys pathogenic organisms. This procedure can render an object safe for use. Disinfectants include solutions of hypochlorites, tinctures of iodine or iodophores, phenoHc derivatives, quaternary ammonium salts, ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide (see Disinfectants AND antiseptics). Effective use of disinfected materials must be judged by properly trained personnel. 

Iodine. Iodine has been important for many years, primarily as an antiseptic (see Iodine and iodine compounds). In the American Civil War physicians used it to treat battie wounds. Elemental iodine is not very soluble in water, but dissolves readily when sodium iodide is added, forming triiodide + I I Iodine may thus be used as an aqueous solution but it has generally been used as a tincture of 2% iodine in 70% alcohol. Tests on... 

If the necessary iodine input is insufficient the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to gamer more iodine addition of 0.01% Nal to table salt (iodized salt) prevents this condition. Tincture of iodine is a useful antiseptic. 

Of the four halogens, iodine is the weakest oxidizing agent. Tincture of iodine, a 10% solution of I2 in alcohol, is sometimes used as an antiseptic. Hospitals most often use a product called povidone-iodine, a quite powerful iodine-containing antiseptic and disinfectant, which can be diluted with water to the desired strength. These applications of molecular iodine should not delude you into thinking that the solid is harmless. On the contrary, if I2(s) is allowed to remain in contact with your skin, it can cause painful bums that are slow to heal. 

Iodine is the least reactive of the elements in the halogen group 17. Most people associate iodine with the dark-brown color of the tincture of iodine used as an antiseptic for minor skin abrasions and cuts. A tincture is a 50% solution of iodine in alcohol. Although it is still used, iodine is no longer the antibiotic of choice for small skin wounds. Since iodine is a poison that kills bacteria, iodine tablets are often used by campers and others to purify water that is taken from outdoor streams. 

Iodine in a 1 20,000 solution is bactericidal in 1 minute and kills spores in 15 minutes. Tincture of iodine USP contains 2% iodine and 2.4% sodium iodide in alcohol. It is the most active antiseptic for intact skin. It is not commonly used because of serious hypersensitivity reactions that may occur and because of its staining of clothing and dressings. 

Iodine is used in various forms in medicine—e.g. tincture of iodine, liquor iodi, iodized cotton, iodized wine, iodized water, oils and syrups iodides of potassium, mercury, iron, arsenic, lead, etc. and as methyl iodide or di-iodide iodoform, CHI3 ethyl iodide, C2H5I iodole, C4I4.NH aristole etc.—largely for external application as an antiseptic. Some iodides are used in photography, and in analytical operations and a considerable amount of iodine is used in the preparation of aniline dyes. 

Iodophors are labile complexes of elemental iodine with macromolecular carriers that both increase the solubility and provide sustained release of iodine. Povidone-iodine is a water-soluble iodophor that is used as an antiseptic and is said to be free of the undesirable effects of iodine tincture. However, iodine can be absorbed from it through burned areas (17), vaginal mucosa (18), oral mucosa (19), and in children even with normal skin (20). Povidone-iodine is discussed in a separate monograph under the title Polyvidone. 

Undoubtedly the most familiar use of iodine is in tincture of iodine, which is so commonly used as an antiseptic. This consists of a solution of iodine and potassium iodide in alcohol and is one of the most effective antiseptics known. Iodine is used to make many useful compounds including sodium and potassium iodides, which are important laboratory reagents silver iodide, which (like silver bromide) is used in photography and numerous organic compounds of iodine which are useful in drugs, in the production of dyes, and so forth. 

Iodine is necessary for the proper function of the thyroid gland in humans. Dietary deficiencies can be avoided by the occasional consumption of seafood or by using iodized salt, which combines common table salt (NaCl) with potassium iodide (KI). Iodine is a useful antiseptic, either as tincture of iodine (an alcohol solution of I2), or as an aqueous solution of provi-done iodine (Betadine). see also Halogens Inorganic Chemistry. 

Medicinal Uses of Alcohol Alcohol is seldom prescribed for medicinal use. The medicinal use of alcohol is essentially restricted to external use and a as vehicle for liquid preparations such as syrups and tinctures. It is frequently used as an antiseptic, as a rubefacient for sprains and joint pain, to reduce the body temperature as an alcohol sponge, and as an injection to relieve neurologic pain. 

Iodine vapor has characteristic properties. It is violet in color, and it has a characteristic odor. The odor of tincture of iodine (a solution of iodine in alcohol, used as an antiseptic) is a combination of the odor of iodine vapor and the odor of ethyl alcohol. 

Iodine can have both favorable and unfavorable effects on living organisms. It tends to kill bacteria and other disease-causing organisms. In fact, this property leads to its use in sanitation systems and as an antiseptic. An antiseptic is a chemical that stops the growth of germs. Not so long ago, tincture of iodine was one of the most popular antiseptics. It was applied... 

Benzoin resin is a local irritant. A hundred years ago, it was considered to be an aphrodisiac when ingested. At the beginning of the 20th century, benzoin was mostly administered as an antiseptic in fumigation to treat chronic respiratory diseases it was thrown in small pieces onto a heated metal plate. Tincture of benzoin is obtained from dissolving (1/5) benzoin in alcohol. 

Solid iodine is purple, as is its vapor (I2), but iodine is often brown in solution, for example, in oxygen-containing solvents such as ethanol tincture of iodine antiseptic) or in water, in which its solubility is increased by formation of a complex ion Is" with iodide ion. Iodine is obtained by oxidizing the ash of dried seaweeds (kelp) alternatively, sodium iodate, which is present in the NaNOs deposits of the Atacama desert in Chile, may be reduced to iodide with aqueous HSO3" ion, followed by the iodide/iodate analog of reaction 12.23 if elemental iodine is wanted. Most of the U.S. production, however, comes from chlorination of natural I"-bearing brines in Michigan (cf. reaction 12.21). Since iodine is a fairly volatile solid, it can be conveniently purified by sublimation. 

However, the efficacy of their disinfection programmes encouraged other hospitals to adopt the practices. Other antiseptic preparations rose in popularity towards the end of the 19th century, most notably, various chloramines like chloramine T and halazone (which slowly release hypochlorous acid), tincture of iodine and iodoform but it was the intro-... 

Iodine is not used as widely as the other halogens. A 50 percent (by mass) alcohol solution of iodine, known as tincture of iodine, is used medicinally as an antiseptic. Iodine is an essential constituent of the thyroid hormone thyroxine ... 

THERap CAT (VET) Tincture is used topically as an antiseptic and to promote healing as an inhalant for bronchitis, and orally as an expectorant. 

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