Water iodization

The Department of Health has encouraged the people in remote areas to add 2 drops of concentrated iodine solution (packed in 30 cc botdes) to 10 liters of drinking water, converting it to iodized drinking water. This measure was adopted from the late Professor Romsai Suwanik, who invented it (Suwanik et aL, 1992). Water iodization is being used as a complementary measure for control and prevention of IDD in households and schools up-to-date (Figure 126.4). 

When iodine dissolves in organic solvents, it produces solutions having a variety of colors. These colors arise from the different interactions between the I2 molecules and the solvent (Fig. 15.21). The element is only slightly soluble in water, unless I ions are present, in which case the soluble, brown triiodide ion, I,, is formed. Iodine itself has few direct uses but dissolved in alcohol, it is familiar as a mild oxidizing antiseptic. Because it is an essential trace element for living systems but scarce in inland areas, iodides are added to table salt (sold as iodized salt ) in order to prevent an iodine deficiency. 

Water. It should come as no surprise that ordinary water can be an excellent solvent for many samples. Due to its extremely polar nature, water will dissolve most substances of likewise polar or ionic nature. Obviously, then, when samples are composed solely of ionic salts or polar substances, water would be an excellent choice. An example might be the analysis of a commercial iodized table salt for sodium iodide content. A list of solubility rules for ionic compounds in water can be found in Table 2.1. 

Amylum lodisatum BPC Iodized starch It is administered internally in syphilis and other cachexias, and may be given in milk, water, gruel or arrowroot. Externally, it is used as a dry dressing, being a good substitute for iodoform. 

Iodine is used in various forms in medicine—e.g. tincture of iodine, liquor iodi, iodized cotton, iodized wine, iodized water, oils and syrups iodides of potassium, mercury, iron, arsenic, lead, etc. and as methyl iodide or di-iodide iodoform, CHI3 ethyl iodide, C2H5I iodole, C4I4.NH aristole etc.—largely for external application as an antiseptic. Some iodides are used in photography, and in analytical operations and a considerable amount of iodine is used in the preparation of aniline dyes. 

The iodized albumen is composed of about equal parts of albumen, and water, to every ounce of which about six grains of iodide of potassium are added. This is then beaten up to a froth, and allowed to settle In tho usual way. The bath of acetonitrate of silver... 

Numerous reports m the literature demonstrate the effectiveness of iodized salt in controlling the medical condition called goiter. Check out this site for historical case studies thatfirst pointed to this conclusion. Comparing the research efforts behind iodized salt and fluoridated drinking water makes for an interesting project. 

The preparation of starch blue in aqueous solution with iodine-iodide mixtures is the most common procedures. According to the method of Pals56 starch (10 mg) of water (5 mL) is boiled for 5 min and blended with 7.6 X 10 5 mol/L (5 mL) of an aqueous solution of iodine and 4.27 x 10 5 mol/L (5 mL) of an aqueous solution of KI. The complex is precipitated by the addition of an aqueous solution of KF (10 mol/L). The precipitate is centrifuged (5000 rpm for 10 min) and washed with aqueous KF (1 mol/L). The Vanino reagent (barium permanganate) also precipitates iodized starch.57 The resulting complex is stable and has a defined stoichiometry. A similar procedure was described by Meyer and Bemfeld.58 Chinoy... 

Bromine and Iodine Compared to chlorine, much less bromine and iodine are produced annually because there are fewer commercial uses for their compounds. Silver bromide and silver iodide are used to coat photographic film. Your body needs iodine to maintain a healthy thyroid gland. This gland produces hormones that control growth and your metabolic rate—the speed at which biochemical reactions occur. Alack of iodine causes the thyroid gland to enlarge, a condition called goiter. Seafood is an excellent source of iodine. So is iodized salt, which contains potassium iodide or sodium iodide in addition to sodium chloride. Because iodine kills bacteria, campers use iodine tablets or crystals to disinfect water. 

The water-soluble iodopyracet was introduced for myelography in 1931 (870). Because of the extreme irritant effects as well as occasional production of some long-term disabilities, it never gained wide use. Iodized oil Lipi-odol was used for myelography with less irritation. Its aftereffects were avoided if the oily medium was removed by aspiration from the spinal canal (871). lophendylate was introduced by Ramsey et al. (872)for myelography in 1944 and proved to be an excellent contrast medium for the entire spinal canal and the basal cisterns. Like the iodized oil, it had to be aspirated to avoid aftereffects (873). Arachnoiditis did develop in some cases in the subarachnoid space because of the presence of residual iophendylate. 

Iodide was determined in active carbon by the FIA method, after its reaction with 103 [50]. A very sensitive method [19a] was applied for determining traces of iodide in tap-water, sea-water, soil, iodized salt, and pharmaceuticals. 

M. Stoicheva, et. al., Voltammetric methods for determination of iodides in mineral water and iodized salt, Khranit.Prom-st. 39 (5), 28-9 (1990). 

A dilute solution of I produces a more or less intense blue-violet color with starch, either dry, hydrated, or in solution, the color disappearing on the application of heat, and returning on cooling. If to a solution of starch, blued by I, a solution of a neutral salt be added, there separates a blue, flocculent deposit of the so-called iodid of starch. lodin renders starch soluble in water, and a soluble iodized starch, Amylum iodatum (TT. S.), is obtained by triturating together 19 pts. starch, 2 pts. water, and 1 pt. iodin, and drying below 40° (104° P.),... 

The observation of toxicity of iodine mainly focused on the iodide or iodate, which is normally present in iodized salt, milk, water and leachate of foodstuffs. However, the toxicity of some other species of iodine may be much higher than that of iodide and iodate. For the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders, iodized oil was used as an injection or administered orally in many countries iodized oil is normally produced by binding iodine atoms to the polyunsaturated fatty acid in the oil (Zimmermann et al, 2000). After administration, it was supposed that iodine is released gradually as iodide to maintain a constant supply of iodine to the body. Experience in the past decades shows that the utilization of iodized oil is safe. However, acute poisoning of iodized oil to children who are orally administered was reported in China in 1998 this may be related to the species of iodine, which may be more toxic than iodide or iodate. Iodine has been used as an effective, simple, and cost-efficient means of water disinfection (Backer and Hollowell, 2000), in which the active disinfectant species are elemental iodine and hypo-iodous acid. Doses of iodine below 1 mg/1 kill bacteria within minutes. Elemental iodine and hypoiodous acid remain in the disinfected water, which may be toxic to humans. 

To prevent and cure deficiency iodine must be administered, as a rule orally. Premised vitamin and mineral feed supplements are used in more intensive husbandry. Mineral blocks and iodized saltlicks are used on pastureland (Cheeke, 1991). As iodine is water-soluble and may precipitate, the feed should be sheltered or protected by covered troughs. 

Conceptually the whole field of iodine nutrition may be subdivided into two broad subdivisions, the process and the impact (or outcome) fields of iodine nutrition, each with its own assessment indicators. The impact side of the iodine nutrition field represents the response of the human body to the iodine delivered to and consumed by the consumer, and therefore follows the process phase sequentially. This response of the human body is usually assessed in terms of impact indicators, such as the median urinary iodine concentration, thyroid size, and blood constituents such as thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin, or other thyroid hormones. The process side of iodine nutrition covers factors playing a role in the delivery of iodine to the consumer via iodized salt or via an alternative source, such as processed food, drinking (iodine-containing cleaning agents) used in the dairy industry water or iodophors. 

Once it is estabhshed that iodine supplementation is necessary, the decision about the best way to provide it is important. There are different ways to provide iodine supplementation through food, viz., salt, oil and water. The efficiency of iodization programs using different vehicles and their impact on the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in different countries have been discussed. 

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