Povidone iodine

Chemical Name 1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone homopolymer compound with iodine Common Name PVP-I Structural Formula  

Trade Name Manufacturer Country Year Introduced 

Detection of IgE antibodies to PVP has been reported in a subject who experienced an immediate reaction that included urticaria and angio-edema following topical application of povidone-iodine, but the weak reaction, interpreted as a positive result after simple adsorption of PVP to a microtiter plate, is not entirely convincing. 

In summary, with povidone-iodine, the apparently inert substance PVP added to improve the formulation, rather than the active component, is likely to be the cause of cases of hypersensitivity occasionally seen with its use. 

Some patients demonstrate contact allergy to both bacitracin and neomycin even though the two antibiotics have markedly different structures. Such co-sensitivities even extend to the cyclie peptide antibiotic polymyxin. 

Because of its greatly reduced usage, allergic contact dermatitis is currently not a problem with streptomycin. Reports on anaphylaxis to the antibacterial go back over 50 years with a relatively high incidence of reactions occurring in the 1960s. 

Delayed-type cutaneous reactions to clindamycin include pruritus, exanthematous rash, generalized maculopapular exanthema, erythroderma, generalized exanthematous pustulosis, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. 

---

Disinfectants. Several disinfecting agents can be used in hatcheries and two are of particular interest. Because they are not considered dmg or food additive uses by FDA, povidone—iodine compounds can be used to disinfect the surface of eggs (9). Benzalkonium chloride [68424-85-1] and benzethonium chloride (quaternary ammonium compounds), are allowed at 2 mg/L by FDA to disinfect water containing fish. These compounds are also known to have therapeutic properties, especially against external bacteria (9). 

Povidone—iodine is a brown, water-soluble powder containing approximately 10% iodine. However, the amount of free iodine, which is responsible for the antimicrobial activity, is low in a concentrated solution, but is released as the solution is diluted (41). Concentrated solutions have actually been contaminated with bacteria (42). For use as an antiseptic, povidine—iodine is diluted with water or alcohol to a concentration of 1% iodine. Detergents are added if it is used as a surgical scmb. lodophors are important as broad-spectmm antiseptics for the skin, although they do not have the persistent action of some other antiseptics. They are also used as disinfectants for clinical thermometers that have been used by tuberculous patients, for surface disinfection of tables, etc, and for clean equipment in hospitals, food plants, and dairies, much as chlorine disinfectants are used. 

Of the four halogens, iodine is the weakest oxidizing agent. Tincture of iodine, a 10% solution of I2 in alcohol, is sometimes used as an antiseptic. Hospitals most often use a product called povidone-iodine, a quite powerful iodine-containing antiseptic and disinfectant, which can be diluted with water to the desired strength. These applications of molecular iodine should not delude you into thinking that the solid is harmless. On the contrary, if I2(s) is allowed to remain in contact with your skin, it can cause painful bums that are slow to heal. 

Other Agents. Allergic reactions to chlorhexidine have been observed after insertion of central catheters impregnated with this antiseptic, or after intraurethral use or topical application [26]. Only rare cases of anaphylaxis following topical use of povidone-iodine have been reported. 

Iodine compounds, e.g. free iodine, povidone-iodine... 

Cadexomer-H is an iodophor similar to povidone-iodine. It is a 2-hydroxymethylene crosslinked (1-4) a-D-glucan carboxymethyl ether containing iodine. The compound is used especially for its absorbent and antiseptic properties in the management of leg ulcers and pressure sores where it is applied in the form of microbeads containing 0.9% iodine. 

Pharmacologic management of infections should cover the gram-positive organisms that most frequently cause access-related infections. Patients who have positive blood cultures should receive treatment tailored to the organism isolated. Preventive measures for access-related infections include mupirocin at the exit site and povidone-iodine ointment. The recommendations of the NKF for treatment of infections associated with hemodialysis are listed in Table 23-9. 

Some surgeons advocate direct application to the wound of or irrigation of the wound with either antibiotics or povidone-iodine during colon resection. Solutions containing povidone-iodine should almost never be placed in the peritoneal cavity, because they are likely to be absorbed and subsequently to cause toxic effects. 

A number of agents have been used to disinfect pressure sores (e.g., povidone-iodine, iodophor, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid) as well as other types of open wounds however, these agents should be avoided as they impair healing. 

If the biter is human immunodeficiency virus positive, the victim should have a baseline human immunodeficiency virus status determined and then repeated in 3 and 6 months. The bite should be thoroughly irrigated with a virucidal agent such as povidone-iodine. Victims may be offered antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis. 

POVIDONE-IODINE CLEANSING SOLUTION USP 7,5% 1GLOR 3.780LI 6505009947224 BT 15.45 ... 

---