Anti-inflammatory effects effect

Not effective Anti-inflammatory effect Effective for many patients Effective for most patients Side effects appear in some patients Side effects (abdominal symptoms)... 

Methylxanthines have relaxing and anti-inflammatory effects. Accumulation of intracellular cAMP by inhibition of PDE3 (phosphodiesterase-3) relaxes airway... 

Furthermore, there is some evidence for pleiotrophic effects (e.g., effects on hemostasis, vascular function, anti-inflammatory effects, and stabilizing effects on atherosclerotic plaques) of statins. The clinical relevance of this (and the potential difference between the various statins) is at present uncertain but subject to intense investigation. 

IFN- 3 reduces the induction by inflammatory cytokines of adhesion molecules and of MHC class I and II complex on endothelial cells, a process preceding attachment and transendothelial migration of T-cells. These anti-inflammatory effects of IFN- 3 exemplify antagonistic actions of type I and type IIIFN. There is, indeed, much clinical evidence for the involvement of IFN-y in inflammatory processes - through activation of iNOS and subsequent secretion of NO - leading to the establishment of autoimmune diseases as for instance in rheumatoid arthritis. 

Melanocortins. Figure 2 Shows anti-inflammatory effect of melanocortin peptides. 

The salicylates include aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and related drugp, such as magnesium salicylate and sodium salicylate. The salicylates have analgesic (relieves pain), antipyretic (reduces elevated body temperature), and anti-inflammatory effects. All the salicylates are similar in pharmacologic activity however, aspirin has a greater anti-inflammatory effect than the other salicylates. Specific salicylates are listed in the Summary Drug Table Nonnarcotic Analgesics Salicylates and Nonsalicylates. 

The anti-inflammatory effects of the NSAIDs are carried out by inhibition of COX-2. The gastrointestinal adverse reactions are caused by inhibition of COX-1. The newer NSAIDs (celecoxib and rofecoxib) appear to work by specifically inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme, without inhibiting the COX-1 enzyme. Celecoxib and rofecoxib relieve pain and inflammation with less potential for gastrointestinal adverse... 

It has an anti-inflammatory effect that reduces pimples and the pain they cause. 

Benzoyl peroxide can help remove dead skin cells, which in turn prevents the pores from clogging up. It also kills the Propionibac-terium acnes bacterium that causes acne. It has anti-inflammatory effects and reduces oxygen free radicals and fatty acids on the skin. 

Unlike aspirin and other cyclooxygenase inhibitors that work on the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, acetaminophen works on the COX-3 enzyme, which is present in the spinal column and brain. This helps it to avoid shutting down prostaglandin function elsewhere in the body, which is why it has no anti-inflammatory effects and does not affect blood platelets or the stomach lining. 

Peculiar characteristics of chitins and chitosans are hemostatic action, anti-inflammatory effect, biodegradability, biocompatibihty, besides antimicrobial activity, retention of growth factors, release of glucosamine and M-acetylglucosamine monomers and oligomers, and stimulation of cellular activities [11,12,295-297]. 

Reported studies have shown its anti-inflammatory effects and anti-oxidant action. It acts by thinning the stratum corneum, promoting epidermolysis, dispersing basal layer melanin and epidermal and dermal hyaluronic acid and collagen gene expression that increases through an elevated secretion of IL-6 [3]. 

Azelaic acid is effective on P. acnes suppression, even if less than benzoyl peroxide. The anti-inflammatory effect of azelaic acid seems to be related to a decreased production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils. Azelaic acid may also regulate the ductal cell keratinization, reducing the number of comedones, ft is not sebosuppressive. 

Holgate S, Casale T. Wenzel S. Bousquet J. Deniz Y. Reisner C The anti-inflammatory effects of omali-zumab confirm the central role of IgE in allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 115 459-465. 

Anti-inflammatory effect (Akihisa et al., 1997). Regulates blood pressure (Ichiro et al., 2002). 

AKIHISA T, YASUKAWA K, YAMAMURA M, UKIYA M, KIMURA Y, SHIMIZU N, ARAI K (2000) Tliterpene alcohol and sterol ferulates from rice bran and their anti-inflammatory effects. JAgri FoodChem, 48 2313-19. 

Yamashita reported anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin when administered with aspirin. An oral preparation has been developed by Alejung and Wadstroem for the treatment of Helicobacter infections of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Strong evidence suggested that astaxanthin modulated the humoral and non-humoral immune systems. It enhanced the release of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-... 

Cannabinoids are highly lipophilic compounds making bioavailabihty very dependent on the formulation and the mode of administration. Cannabinoid occurrence in the plant is predominantly in the form of the carboxyhc acids, which are pharmacologically totally different and rather unstable, decarboxy-lating over time to their active neutral form. The carboxyhc acids, although not active at the CB receptor, nevertheless add to the overall effect as they possess antibiotic and anti-inflammatory effects. 

There is now little doubt that ROMs are produced in excess in patients with aaive IBD. That, at least in experimental colitis, they are rather more than irrelevant epiphenomena is indicated by the anti-inflammatory effect of specific antioxidants. Proof that this is also the case in human disease awaits the outcome of further controlled trials of specific agents interfering with ROM production. Whilst induction of NO production has been shown to occur in association with inflammation and tissue damage in both humans and in animal models, the significance of this is as yet unclear. 

Pallapies, D., Peskar, B.A. and Peskar, B.M. (1992). 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) inhibits the activity of nitric oxide (NO) contribution to its anti-inflammatory effects Gastroenterology 102, A677. 

Suematsu, M., Suzuki, M., Miura, S., Miura, S., Suzuki, K., Hibi, T., Watanabe, M. and Tsuchiya (1987b). Sulfasalazine and its metabolites attenuate respiratory burst of leukocytes -a possible mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 23, 31-33. 

The structure-activity relation of triterpene QMs on the anti-inflammatory effect has been investigated with a series of analogues by comparing inhibition of the IL-1 (3 production in the LPS-induced monocytes.93-94 Clearly, the conjugated QM structure with alkenes is essential for the observed inhibition, and similar inhibitory effect was found with derivatives that are capable to form the conjugated QM through hydrolysis and/or oxidation.93-94 Also, the presence of the E ring in the triterpene QM structure is an additional contributor. 

Adjunctive therapy with fluid and electrolyte replacement should be initiated. Nutritional support with enteral or parenteral nutrition may be indicated for patients unable to eat for more than 5 to 7 days.2 Some evidence suggests that enteral nutrition provides anti-inflammatory effects in patients with active CD.40,41... 

NSAIDs are classified as non-selective (they inhibit COX-1 and COX-2) or selective (they inhibit only COX-2) based on degree of cyclooxygenase inhibition. COX-2 inhibition is responsible for anti-inflammatory effects, while COX-1 inhibition contributes to increased GI and renal toxicity associated with non-selective agents. Since the antiplatelet effect of non-selective NSAIDs is reversible, concurrent use may reduce the... 

---