Anti-inflammatory effect gastrointestinal effects

The anti-inflammatory effects of the NSAIDs are carried out by inhibition of COX-2. The gastrointestinal adverse reactions are caused by inhibition of COX-1. The newer NSAIDs (celecoxib and rofecoxib) appear to work by specifically inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme, without inhibiting the COX-1 enzyme. Celecoxib and rofecoxib relieve pain and inflammation with less potential for gastrointestinal adverse... 

Yamashita reported anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin when administered with aspirin. An oral preparation has been developed by Alejung and Wadstroem for the treatment of Helicobacter infections of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Strong evidence suggested that astaxanthin modulated the humoral and non-humoral immune systems. It enhanced the release of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-... 

Bj arnason I, Thjodleifsson B. Gastromtestmal toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs the effect of nimesulide compared with naproxen on the human gastrointestinal tract. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999 38(Suppl l) 24-32. 

K. Izaka, M. Yamada, T. Kawano, and T. Suyama. Gastrointestinal absorption and anti-inflammatory effect of bromelain. Jap. J. Pharmacol. 22 519 (1972). 

Improve anti-inflammatory effectiveness Lower the risk of gastrointestinal toxicity Reduce the cost of treatment of rheumatoid arthritis Selectively decrease thromboxane A without effects on other eicosanoids... 

Ibuprofen This is a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Side effects and overdose can result in gastrointestinal bleeding or a metabolic acidosis. 

Traditional nonselective NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. The COX-2 inhibition is associated with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, but the COX-1 inhibition is associated with unwanted effects such as gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. The selective COX-2 inhibitors were developed with the aim of reducing the GI adverse effects associated with COX-1 inhibition. 

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