Prostaglandin functions

Unlike aspirin and other cyclooxygenase inhibitors that work on the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, acetaminophen works on the COX-3 enzyme, which is present in the spinal column and brain. This helps it to avoid shutting down prostaglandin function elsewhere in the body, which is why it has no anti-inflammatory effects and does not affect blood platelets or the stomach lining. 

Sorensen P.W., Hara T.J., Stacey N.E. and Goetz F. (1988). F-prostaglandins function as potent olfactory stimulants that comprise the post-ovulatory female sex pheromone in goldfish. Biol Reprod 39, 1039-1050. 

Verbitski SM, Mullally JE, Fitzpatrick FA, Ireland CM (2004) Punaglandins, Chlorinated Prostaglandins, Function as Potent Michael Receptors to Inhibit Ubiquitin Isopeptidase Activity. J Med Chem 47 2062... 

Prostaglandins are made in most tissues, and exert their biological effects on the cells that produce them and on other cells in the immediate vicinity The extraordinary range of prostaglandin functions includes... 

Aspirin and other NSAlDs inhibit cyclooxygenase, a critical enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis. Because this enz)nne plays a role in the synthesis of all members of the prostaglandin family, NSAlDs tend to inhibit all prostaglandin functions (Tables 9.1 and 9.2). 

Many compounds contain more than one functional group Prostaglandin Ei a hormone that regulates the relaxation of smooth muscles con tains two different kinds of carbonyl groups Classify each one (aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester amide acyl chloride or acid anhydride) Identify the most acidic proton in prostaglandin Ei and use Table 1 7 to estimate its pK ... 

Research in physiology carried out in the 1930s established that the lipid fraction of semen contains small amounts of substances that exert powerful effects on smooth mus cle Sheep prostate glands proved to be a convenient source of this material and yielded a mixture of structurally related substances referred to collectively as prostaglandins We now know that prostaglandins are present m almost all animal tissues where they carry out a variety of regulatory functions... 

Prostaglandins arise from unsaturated C20 carboxylic acids such as arachidonic acid (see Table 26 1) Mammals cannot biosynthesize arachidonic acid directly They obtain Imoleic acid (Table 26 1) from vegetable oils m their diet and extend the car bon chain of Imoleic acid from 18 to 20 carbons while introducing two more double bonds Lmoleic acid is said to be an essential fatty acid, forming part of the dietary requirement of mammals Animals fed on diets that are deficient m Imoleic acid grow poorly and suffer a number of other disorders some of which are reversed on feed mg them vegetable oils rich m Imoleic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids One function of these substances is to provide the raw materials for prostaglandin biosynthesis... 

In the next step the —OOH group of PGG2 is reduced to an alcohol function Again prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase is the enzyme responsible The product of this step IS called PGH2... 

Aminophenol is a selective nephrotoxic agent and intermpts proximal tubular function (121,122). Disagreement exists concerning the nephrotoxity of the other isomers although they are not as potent as 4-aminophenol (123,124). Respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATPase activity are inhibited in rat kidney mitochondria (125). The aminophenols and their derivatives are inhibitors of 5-Hpoxygenase (126) and prostaglandin synthetase... 

In addition to being involved in the formation of urine, the kidney acts as an endocrine organ secreting renin, erythropoietin, prostaglandins (qv), and kinins it is also capable of synthesizing substances such as la,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [32222-06-3] One of the principal functions of the... 

Pseudopterosin A is a member of a group of marine natural products which show potent antiinflammatory properties, but which are not prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors. Structurally similar to phosphatidyl inositol, they may function as phospholipase inhibitors, and, as such, may be the forerunners of a new class of therapeutic agents. 

In the early work on the synthesis of prostaglandins, zinc borohydride was used for the reduction of the 15-ketone function and a 1 1 mixture of epimeric 15(S)- and 15(/ )-alcohols was generally obtained. Subsequent studies led to reaction conditions for highly selective reduction to the desired 15(S)-alcohol. Some of the results are summarized in the following table. The most practical method is E which utilizes borane as the stoichiometric reductant and a chiral, enzyme-like catalyst which is shown. 

A short three-component route to prostaglandins was developed involving a number of novel steps, several of which were based on special properties of the (9-methyloxime function. 

Pentafluorobenzyl bromide has been used in the derivatization of mercaptans [55] and phenols [36], m the analysis of prostaglandins [37], and in quantitative GC-MS [5S] 1,3 Dichlorotetrafluoroacetone is used for the derivatization of amino acids to the corresponding cyclic oxazolidinones and allows the rapid analysis of all 20 protein ammo acids [d] Pentafluorophenyldialkylchlorosilane derivatives have facilitated the gas chromatographic analysis of a wide range of functionally substituted organic compounds, including steroids, alcohols, phenols, amines, carboxylic acids, and chlorohydrms [4]... 

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