Anti-inflammatory effect platelet effects

Unlike aspirin and other cyclooxygenase inhibitors that work on the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, acetaminophen works on the COX-3 enzyme, which is present in the spinal column and brain. This helps it to avoid shutting down prostaglandin function elsewhere in the body, which is why it has no anti-inflammatory effects and does not affect blood platelets or the stomach lining. 

Resveratrol is another type of polyphenol, a stilbene derivative, that has assumed greater relevance in recent years as a constituent of grapes and wine, as well as other food products, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet, and cancer preventative properties. Coupled with the cardiovascular benefits of moderate amounts of alcohol, and the beneficial antioxidant effects of flavonoids, red wine has now emerged as an unlikely but most acceptable medicinal agent. 

Various ginkgolides, particularly ginkgolide B, have platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist properties. This action could explain some antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effects of these substances. 

Hinokitiol is a tropolone type natural compound isolated from the wood of Chymacyparis taiwanesis. The compound has been utilized as a natural antimicrobial agent in hair tonics, toothpastes, cosmetics and food supplements. Hinokitiol was evaluated on five different arachidonic acid metabolic pathways for the mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory effects. It has been found to be a potent inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.1 pM against platelet-type 12-LOX and 50 pM against leukocyte-type 12-LOX. It also inhibited soybean 5-LOX enzyme (IC50 = 17 pM). However, hinokitiol had almost no effects on COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Similar inhibition profiles were also observed on synthetic tropolone derivatives [168]. 

Bikunin (Bik), a peptide excreted in the urine, is one of the primary inhibitors of the trypsin family of serine proteases. This peptide plays a key role in inflammation and innate immunity because of its two Kunitz-type binding domains [1, 2], Bik suppresses proteolytic activity in a variety of tissues and can also exert localized anti-inflammatory effect [3-5], Inflammation is an important indicator of infection, cancer, and tissue injury in acute and chronic states. In acute inflammation, fluids and plasma components accumulate in the affected tissues due to vascular dilation. Subsequent activation of platelets and increased presence of immune cells occur during repair. Long-standing inflammation may be present before the disorder is identified. Due to its inhibitory role and potential use as an early marker of inflammation, we will review the synthesis, structure, pathophysiology of Bik as well as the various approaches for its measurement in this chapter. 

Landis RC, Haskard DO, Taylor KM. New anti-inflammatory and platelet-preserving effects of aprotinin. Ann. Thorac. Surg., 2001 72(5) S1808-S1813. 

The mechanism of action of the immunological and anti-inflammatory effects of antimalarials include inhibition of phospholipase A, inhibition of platelet aggregation, a range of lysosomal effects (e.g., an increase in pH, membrane stabilization, and inhibition of release and activity of lysosomal enzymes), inhibition of phagocytosis, an increase in intracellular pH in cytoplasmic vacuoles leading to decreased stimulation of autoimmune CD4 T cells, decreased cytokine release from lymphocytes and stimulated monocytes, inhibition of immune complex formation, and antioxidant activity. In patients with porphyria cutanea tarda, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine bind to porphyrins and/or iron to facilitate their hepatic clearance. The ability to bind to melanin and other pigments may contribute to the retinal toxicity seen occasionally when anti-malarial agents are used. 

The antiplatelet action of aspirin results from the fact that inhibition of thromboxane synthesis is essentially permanent in platelets they lack the machinery for new protein synthesis. In contrast, inhibition of prostacyclin synthesis in the vascular endothelium is temporary because these cells can synthesize new enzyme. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis also results in important anti-inflammatory effects. Inhibition of synthesis of fever-inducing prostaglandins in the brain produces the antipyretic action of NSAIDs. Closure of a patent ductus arteriosus in an otherwise normal infant can be accelerated with a potent NSAID such as indomethacin. 

Anti-inflammatory effects Glucocorticoids have a dramatic effect on the distribution and function of leukocytes. These drugs increase neutrophils and decrease lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes. The migration of leukocytes is also inhibited. The biochemical mechanisms underlying these cellular effects include the induced synthesis of an inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (see Chapter 18), decreased mRNA for COX-2, decreases in IL2 and IL3, ind decreases in platelet activating factor (PAF), an inflammatory cytokine. 

For decades, research on the health-promoting effects of Mediterranean diet has revealed that olive oil consumption is a key factor in the cardiovascular protection found in Mediterranean countries [139]. It is well established that the healthful properties of olive oil depend mostly on its high oleic acid content. However, many arguments demonstrate that in olive oil there are minor bioactive components, other than oleic acid, responsible for its cardiovascular protective properties among them, the phenolic fraction of olive oil, and in particular OL and HT, has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-platelet aggregation, vasodilatatory, and anti-inflammatory effects, all involved in this health beneficial action [7,108-110]. 

Many sesquiterpenes contain a pentacyclic lactone group and are therefore referred to as sesquiterpene lactones. These compounds occur abundantly in the family Asteraceae. Because of their bitter taste sesquiterpene lactones presumably serve as feeding deterrents of herbivores (Heinrich et al., 1998). Pharmacologically active sesquiterpene lactones often show anti-inflammatory effects due to inhibition of the transcription factor NF-kB that mediates immunological responses and inflammation (LyB et al., 1998). Sesquiterpenes with such activities occur, for example, in chamomile Matricaria recutita), one ofthe most popular medicinal plants. Antimigraine action of some sesquiterpene lactones, e.g., par-thenolide from feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), is mediated by inhibition of platelet aggregation... 

Anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet-aggregatory and antibacterial effects... 

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