Infection control

A new profession, that of infection control practitioner, has been developed to deal with hospital infection problems and at least one practitioner for every 250 hospital beds has been recommended (10). In the mid-1970s, the cost of nosocomial infections was said to be in excess of 1 biUion dollars (11), and has continued to rise with health care costs. 

Tests have been developed that test different products for their effectiveness as a healthcare personnel handwash (327) evaluate hand disinfectants for use in surgery (333) determine the effectiveness of a surgical hand scmb, ie, the glove juice test (311,329) evaluate antiseptics for the oral cavity to be used in mouthwashes (334,335) and test antiseptics for the periurethral area and appHcation to catheters (336,337). A method used for a test comparing four antiseptic products was adopted as recommended practice by the Association of Practitioners of Infection Control (338). 

Gardner J.F. Peel M.M. (1991) Introduction to Sterilisation, Disinfection and Infection Control. Melbomne Churchill Livingstone. 

Gilbride, S. J., Lee, B. E., Taylor, G. D., and Forgie, S. E. (2009). Successful containment of a norovirus outreak in an acute adult psychiatric area. Infect. Control Hasp. Epidemiol. 30, 289-291. 

Harris, J. P., Lopman, B. A., and O Brien, S. J. (2010). Infection control measures for nor-ovirus A systematic review of outbreaks in semi-enclosed settings. /. Hasp. Infect. 74,1-9. 

Jimenez, L. and Chiang, M. (2006). Virucidal activity of a quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant against feline calicivirus A surrogate for norovirus. Am. J. Infect. Control 34, 269-273. 

Malik, Y. S., Maherchandani, S., and Goyal, S. M. (2006b). Comparative efficacy of ethanol and isopropanol against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate. Am.. Infect. Control 34, 31-35. 

Rao, S., Scattolini de Gier, N., Caram, L. B., Erederick, J., Moorefield, M., and Woods, C. W. (2009). Adherence to self-quarantine recommendations during an outbreak of norovirus infection. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 30, 896-899. 

Steinmann, J., Becker, B., Bischoff, B., Paulmann, D., Friesland, M., Pietschmann, T., Steinmann, J., and Steinmann, E. (2010). Virucidal activity of 2 alcohol-based formulations proposed as hand rubs by the World Health Organization. Am. ]. Infect. Control. 38, 66-68. 

Vivancos, R., Sundkvist, T., Barker, D., Burton, J., and Nair, P. (2010b). Effect of exclusion policy on the control of outbreaks of suspected viral gastroenteritis Analysis of outbreak investigations in care homes. Am. ]. Infect. Control 38,139-143. 

Weber, D. J., Rutala, W. A., Miller, M. B., Huslage, K., and Sickbert-Bennett, E. (2010). Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care-associated pathogens Norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter species. Am. ]. Infect. Control 38, S25-S33. 

Whitehead, K. and McCue, K. A. (2010). Virucidal efficacy of disinfectant actives against feline calicivirus, a surrogate for norovirus, in a short contact time. Am. J. Infect. Control 38, 26-30. 

Wu, H. M., Fornek, M., Schwab, K. J., Chapin, A. R., Gibson, K., Schwab, E., Spencer, C., and Henning, K. (2005). A norovirus outbreak at a long-term-care facility The role of environmental surface contamination. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 26, 802-810. 

VRE) may colonize hospitalized patients or patients who access the health care system frequently. It is key to know which patients have acquired these organisms because patients generally become colonized prior to developing infection, and colonized patients should be placed in isolation (per infection-control policies) to minimize transmission to other patients. 

Burke J. Infection control A problem for patient safety. New Engl I Med 2003 348(7) 651-655. 

Hugonnet S, Eggimann P, Borst F, et al. Impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia on resource utilization and patient outcome. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004 25 1090-1096. 

The goals of therapy for infected pressure sores include resolution of infection, promotion of wound healing, and establishment of effective infection control.38... 

Therapeutic response should be based on clinical signs and symptoms. A repeat toxin assay as a test of cure is not recommended because some patients may remain colonized with this organism following recovery. Treatment of asymptomatic colonized patients is not recommended as an infection-control measurement. 

Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, et al. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999 20 247-266. 

M. D. Nettleman. Biological Warfare and Infection Control. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 12, no. 6 (June 1991) 368-372. Source for typhus description. 

Simmons,B. P. Gelfand,M. S. Haas, M. Metts,L. Ferguson, J. Enterobacter sakazakii infections in neonates associated with intrinsic contamination of a powdered infant formula. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 1989,10, 398-401. 

T. spiralis-infected control, showing crypt hyperplasia and villus atrophy (C) day 13 p.i. T. spiralis-infected TNF-R1, mice, showing normal appearance, similar to (A) (D) day 13 p.i. T. sp/ra//s-infected IL-4, mice, again showing a normal appearance. Bar represents 100 pm. Reproduced from Lawrence etal. (1998), with permission. 

Despite much effort, antibiotic resistance continues to increase [61]. Looking back, it is clear that this was an inevitable consequence of antibiotic use [62], Antibiotic resistance, which has been recognized to be an important clinical problem, varies in prevalence from one country to another and among the pathogens themselves. This has great clinical, economic, political and environmental implications worldwide [63]. Strict adherence to the ongoing measures of infection control, education and antibiotic policy should minimize antibiotic resistance [64],... 

Znidi N, Ponce de Leon S, Oritz RM, et al Hospital-acquired diarrhea in adults A prospective case-controlled study in Mexico. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991 12 349— 355. 

Nelson DE, Auerbach SB, Baltch AL, Desjar-din E, Beck-Sague C, Rheal C, Smith RP, Jarvis WR Epidemic Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea Role of second- and third-generation cephalosporins. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994 15 88-94. 

For most bacteria, use infection control guidelines standard precautions. If appropriate, or the identity of the bacteria is unknown, use additional droplet and airborne precautions. Avoid direct contact with wounds or wound drainage. 

Use infection control guidelines standard precautions. Avoid direct contact with wounds or wound drainage. 

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