Drinking water containing

Results of extensive studies have demonstrated that the consumption of drinking water containing uranium at elevated levels of 0.04—0.05 mg/L is not detrimental to human health (8). 

Administration of 5 ppm barium, the acetate, to mice in the drinking water in a life-time study had no observable effects on longevity, mortality, and body weights, or on the incidence of tumors (53). Long-term studies in rats exposed to Ba " in drinking water containing 5 mg/L, as acetate, or 10—250 mg/L, as chloride, resulted in no measurable toxic effects (47). 

Drinking water containing chloroform at maximmn allowable EPA limit 42... 

Drinking water containing trichloroetliylene at maximmn allowable EPA Limit 0.1... 

Figure 13.17 LC-GC-MS(EI) cliromatogram of a ti-eated drinking water containing 55 and 40 ng 1 , respectively, of DBF and DEHP. Reprinted from Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 20, T. Hyotylainen et al., Reversed phase HPEC coupled on-line to GC by the vaporizer/precolumn solvent split/gas dischaige interface analysis of phthalates in water , pp. 410-416, 1997, with permission from Wiley-VCH.

Methyl parathion can enter your body if you eat food or drink water containing it if you swim, bathe, or shower in contaminated water if you touch recently sprayed plants or soil if you touch contaminated soil near hazardous waste sites or if you breathe air that contains methyl parathion, such as near factories or recently sprayed farm fields (or in recent accounts of the illegal use of methyl parathion, if you breathe air or touch contaminated surfaces inside homes where methyl parathion has been used to kill insects). By any means of exposure, methyl parathion goes into your body quickly and gets into your blood. From your bloodstream, methyl parathion goes to your liver, brain, and other organs. Your liver changes some of methyl parathion to a more harmful chemical called methyl paraoxon. Both methyl parathion and methyl paraoxon can bind to enzymes of your nerves within minutes or hours. Your liver breaks down methyl parathion and methyl paraoxon into less harmful substances. These less harmful substances leave your body in urine within hours or days. For more information, see Chapter 3. 

Trichloroethylene enters your body when you breathe air or drink water containing it. It can also enter your body if you get it on your skin. You could be exposed to contaminated water or air if you live near or work in a factory that uses trichloroethylene or if you live near a waste disposal site that contains trichloroethylene. If you breathe the chemical, about half the amount you breathe in will get into your bloodstream and organs. You will exhale the rest. If you drink trichloroethylene, most of it will be absorbed into your blood. If trichloroethylene comes in contact with your skin, some of it can enter your body, although not as easily as when you breathe or swallow it. 

Male mice that received trichloroethylene at 240 mg/kg/day by gavage in 10% Emulphor for 2 weeks, or that consumed drinking water containing as much as 5 mg/mL (equivalent to a dosage of approximately 793 mg/kg/day) for 6 months, showed no treatment-related effects other than increased liver weights without accompanying macroscopic lesions (Tucker et al. 1982). This may be indicative of differences in absorption efficiencies of the lipophilic trichloroethylene administered in water versus oil. 

In the USA, the passage of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 has had a significant impact on the determination of residues in drinking water. FQPA requires that all sources of a pesticide be included in its risk assessment, so the potential exposure from drinking water containing a particular pesticide could be a significant... 

Renal Effects. Ingestion of drinking water containing lead was found to be associated with evidence of renal insufficiency in humans (Campbell et al. 1977). Lead concentrations in drinking water were compared to PbB concentrations in 283 residents who ingested this water for a mean of 21.5 years. A highly significant correlation was found for these two parameters. In addition, elevated PbB concentrations were associated with renal insufficiency, reflected as raised serum urea concentrations and hyperuricemia. No renal biopsies were performed. 

CCP in milk is mentioned in connection with casein above (Section VI.C). Fluorapatite is a major constituent of phosphate rocks, and a constituent, probably important, of human tooth enamel for those whose drinking water contains significant amounts of naturally occurring or added fluoride. Fluorapatite is significantly less soluble than hydroxyapatite - the relationship between the solubilities of fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite parallels (but is much less extreme than) that between calcium fluoride (Ksp — 3.9 x 10 11 mol3 dm-9) and calcium hydroxide (Ksp = 7.9 x 10 6 mol3 dm 9). Calcium diphosphate, Ca2P207, is believed to be the least soluble of the calcium phosphates. 

In rodents, copper administered by single intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection is lethal at 3 to 7 mg Cu/kg BW (Table 3.7). Mice died when their drinking water contained 640 mg Cu/L (Table 3.7). In rats, copper accumulation in kidneys and lungs is similar regardless of route of administration (Romeu-Moreno et al. 1994). Concentrations of copper in serum of rats (Rattus sp.) reflect dietary copper concentrations in liver and kidney are directly related to serum Cu and ceruloplasmin (Petering et al. 1977). As serum Cu concentrations rise in rats, levels fall for serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids (Petering et al. 1977). 

Laboratory colony given drinking water containing 200 mg Pb/L as lead nitrate for 30 days experimentals vs. controls... 

Lifetime exposure of resistant species of mammals to diets containing 2500 mg Ni/kg DW or to drinking water containing 10,000 mg Ni/L are not lethal. 

Fed sucrose syrup containing 60 mg/L and drinking water containing 100 mg/L for 40 days... 

Birds tended to avoid diets and drinking water containing high sublethal concentrations of 1080. 

Sublethal effects included testicular damage in rats after drinking water containing 2.2 to 20.0 mg 1080/L for 7 days (0.07 to 0.71 mg/kg BW daily), impaired reproduction in mink fed diets containing 0.8 mg 1080/kg ration for 60 days, and altered blood chemistry in ferrets given diets containing 1.1 mg 1080/kg ration for 28 days. 

Sodium arsenite Drinking water containing 500 mg/L lethal at 100-200 mg/kg BW 12... 

The fluoride content of the heart appeared to increase in old mice fed the low Ca diet and fluoride feeding caused an increase in the level of the hearts of old mice fed high or low Ca diet. When male or female mice were supplied drinking water containing 10 mg/L fluoride, the levels in the soft tissues including heart and kidney were, however, undetectable at 24 months of age (25). This could be due to limited sensitivity of the method used by these investigators. 

Most foods and drinking waters contain enough fluoride to result in the incorporation of significant amounts of fluoride into this mineral whereby the solubility decreases. Therefore, the system hydroxyapatite-fluorapatite is primarily of importance for the prevention of dental caries. However, in this context its theoretical treatment is important for geochemists who may be confronted with so-called subregular solid solutions. 

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