Cultural environment

Maintenance of conditions ia the culture environment that keep stress to a minimum is one of the best methods of a voiding diseases. Vacciaes have beea developed agaiast several diseases and more are under development. Selective breeding of animals with disease resistance has met with only limited success. Good sanitation and disiafection of contaminated faciUties are important avoidance and control measure. Some disiafectants are Hsted ia Table 6. Poad soils can be sterilized with burnt lime (CaO), hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2], or chlorine compounds (12). 

A prospective location may appear to be right in all other respects but fails because of the manpower resource. This refers to not only the economic aspects such as the availability of labor and skills but also to the qualitative ones of being able to understand the local culture and customs, appreciation of people s attitudes and values. It also refers to the confidence in the ability to blend these with the culture and aspirations of the company to form a cohesive production unit that will work. A successful processing concept in one cultural environment may not be a success in another. 

The use of stirred fermenters with automatic control of the culture environment is the most suitable technique to evaluate bacterial or fungal kinetics. Cultures can be operated in discontinuous mode (batch cultures). 

The events which occur prior to the death of short-term cultures have been referred to as the process of cellular aging, or apoptosis. Whether in vitro cellular aging is due to an inherited genetic program, or whether in vitro aging is simply a consequence of an imperfect cell culture environment is a matter of controversy. The possibility that the cellular aging which occurs in vitro resembles cellular aging in vivo is unresolved. 

These observations clearly indicate that the disease is determined mostly by the environment and not by the race of the population. Since the geographic environment per se is ruled out, it seems that the cultural environment is the one that matters. 

Ulrich AC, HR Beller, EA Edwards (2005) Metabolites detected during biodegradation of RCg-benzene in nitrate-reducing and methanogenic enrichment cultures. Environ Sci Technol 39 6681-6691. 

Safinowski M, RU Meckenstock (2006) Methylation is the initial reaction in anaerobic naphthalene degradation by a sulfate-reducing enrichment culture. Environ Microbiol 8 347-352. 

Hughes JB, J Shanka, M Vanderford, J Lauritzsen, R Bhadra (1997) Transformation of TNT by aquatic plants and plant tissues cultures. Environ Sci Technol 31 266-271. 

Wilken A, C Bock, M Bokern, H Harms (1995) Metabolism of PCB congeners in plant cell cultures. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 2017-2022. 

Such methods also make it possible to learn about the state of health of the dead before death, the diseases from which they suffered, their age at the time of death, the method used for their mummification, and even the cultural environment in which they lived and were mummified (Cockbum et al. 1998 Harris and Wente 1980). The conception and development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at the end of the twentieth century made it also possible to study the genetic characteristics of the mummies and of the populations to which they belonged (see Textbox 65). 

The antioxidant and pro-oxidant nature of lycopene chemistry has been hypothesized by some to be the principle bioactivity that drives its cellular consequences. It is important to describe these reactions and the variety of circumstances that cause lycopene to act as a pro-oxidant or an antioxidant because the cell culture environment might be quite different from what is generally encountered by prostate cells within the intact healthy prostate or tumor areas. 

Zieske JD, Mason VS, Wasson ME, Meunier SF, Nolte CJ, Fukai N, Olsen BR, Par-enteau NL. Basement membrane assembly and differentiation of cultured corneal cells Importance of culture environment and endothelial cell interaction. Exp Cell Res 214 621-633 (1994). 

Dowdle PR, Oremland RS (1998) Microbial oxidation of elemental selenium in soil slurries and bacterial cultures. Environ Sci Technol 32 3749-3755... 

Vila, M., Pascal-Lorber, S., Rathahao, E., Debrauwer, L., Canlet, C., and Laurent, F. 2005, Metabolism of [C-14]-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in tobacco cell suspension cultures. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 663-672. 

Manipulation of the culture environment has proved successful in many cases, stimulating the accumulation of secondary products in plant cell cultures, but each treatment will not always be successful with every culture [21, 23, 28, 29]. A range of treatments may have to be tried for each individual culture. All the changes in growth conditions and medium have perhaps a common feature in that they all cause some form of stress. Stress is known to trigger changes in cells and this may stimulate the accumulation of secondary products (Fig. 25.4). 

Smatlak, C. R., J. M. Gossett, and S. H. Zinder, Comparative kinetics of hydrogen utilization for reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene and methanogenesis in an anaerobic enrichment culture , Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2850-2858... 

Archaeological soils and sediments reflect the cultural environment in which they have been formed. Their analysis allows assessment of the nature and intensity of past events. With the results of such analyses playing an increasing role in forming archaeological interpretations, there is a need to verify optical analysis and interpretation of materials and to examine materials that are presently considered amorphous or unknown in conventional optical analyses. This paper discusses the use of microfocus sychrotron X-ray methods and the issues surrounding their application to archaeological soils and sediments. 

Process validation will be seen as a QA tool because it fits into the functions that QA performs. Process validation also benefits from the QA efforts of the other technical units in the company, however. Gershon [34] discussed Denting s concept of TQM and indicated that it consists of three phases. First, a cultural environment must be developed within an organization. Second, SPC fundamentals must be put into place. Third, statistics must be used to develop process controls and to assist management in running complex processes in an optimal manner. Revalidation thus fits very well in the company s TQM program. 

In general it is not allowed to compare MOS values obtained in different experimental contexts. A telephone-band speech fragment may have a MOS that is above 4.0 in a certain experimental context while the same fragment may have a MOS that is lower than 2.0 in another context. Even if MOS values are obtained within the same experimental context but within a different cultural environment large differences in MOS values can occur [Goodman and Nash, 1982]. It is therefore impossible to develop a perceptual measurement technique that will predict correct MOS values under all conditions. 

Ongoing laboratory culture of a specific test organism from which individuals are selected and used to set up separate test cultures (Environment Canada, 1999). Volume 1(7). 

The use of a low O2 culture environment may not improve fertilization rate, but appears to improve embryo quality (20,21). 

Oberg, K. (1960) Culture shock Adjustment to neo-cultural environments. Practical Anthropology 17,177-182. 

As a consequence, the effect of OS is binomial one component of oxidation is generated by the cell (energy production, reactivity, and metabolism), while the other component is derived from food, This last is extremely variable and uncontrolled since it belongs to the eating habit/ culture/environment. 

Since Bonino s personality was greatly influenced by the political climate in fascist Italy, one must consider him and his research group in relation to the social, political, and cultural environment of that time. Thus, Bonino s scientific politics and the emergence of the new discipline of quantum chemistry were embedded in... 

Culture medium osmolality can also increase due to evaporation, since culture flasks are generally not sealed so as to allow equilibrium between culture medium and the C02-air gas mixture. A slightly hypotonic culture medium can be more adequate for open cultures in multiple well plates or in Petri dishes to compensate for evaporation during incubation. To avoid large variations in osmolality during culture, the relative humidity of the culture environment should be maintained near to saturation. 

Mather JP (1990), Optimizing cell and culture environment for production of recombinant proteins, Methods Enzymol. 185 567-577. 

The rates at which these and other amino acids are utilized or produced can vary dramatically between cell lines. The relative concentration of amino acids and serum in the culture medium and other conditions of the culture environment will also influence the rates of utilization or production of specific amino acids. 

Equations 23 to 25 are expressions of growth inhibition due to synthesis of byproducts during culture. Those formulas can represent exponential, hyperbolic, and linear reduction profiles of specific growth rates as a function of product accumulation in the culture environment. 

Oh B-T, Just CL, Alvarez PJJ. Hexahydro-l,35-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine mineralization by zerovalent iron and mixed anaerobic cultures. Environ Sci Technol 2001 35 4341-4346. 

Weathers LJ, Parkin GF, Alvarez PJ. Utilization of cathodic hydrogen as electron donor for chloroform cometabolism by a mixed, methanogenic culture. Environ Sci Technol 1997 31 880-885. 

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