Fungal spore

Prepare spores, fungal conidia/small pellets in Petri dish or cotton-plugged flask, for 48 hours. Harvest the spore in separate flask with media for propagation. Once in the separated flask the concentration of spores has reached to about 3 million per litre. It is now ready to be transferred to a 21 B. Braun biostat fermenter. The minimum volume of harvested spores in the flask is 300 ml. Media must be prepared based on sufficient carbon source... 

Hijri M, Hosny M, van Tuinen, Dulieu H Intraspecific ITS polymorphism in Scutellospora castanea (Glomales, Zygomycota) is structured within multinucleate spores. Fungal Genet Biol 1999 26 141-151. 

The use of elicitors can significantly enhance the production of metabolites. The elicitors are divided mainly in two groups. The biotic elicitors which are compounds of biological origin (e.g. fungal spores, fungal cell wall fractions, cellulase, chitosane) and the abiotic elicitors which include metal ions, high salt concentrations, UV radiations, sonication. Treatment of Hyoscyamus muticus hairy roots with 50-500 jig/ml of chitosane resulted in a 5-fold increase in the accumulation of hyoscyamine [84]. Similar results were obtained by Halperin and Flores [85] who obtained, with hairy roots of the same species, hyoscyamine up to 6-fold when elicited with mannitol. 

Atmospheric particles may consist of organic or inorganic materials or mixtures of both. Solid pollutant particles include very small combustion nuclei residues from fuel combustion, cement dust, silica dust from sandblasting, and soil dust mobilized by cultivation practices. Sulfuric acid droplets produced by oxidation of pollutant sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere are the most common kind of pollutant liquid droplets. Many kinds of particles are of biological origin and can be considered pollutants when they contribute to respiratory problems. These include bacteria, bacterial spores, fungal spores, and pollen. 

Very small, solid particles include carbon black, silver iodide, combustion nuclei, and sea-salt nuclei formed by the loss of water from droplets of seawater. Larger particles include cement dust, wind-blown soil dust, foundry dust, and pulverized coal. Liquid particulate matter, mist, includes raindrops, fog, and sulfuric acid droplets. Some particles are of biological origin, such as viruses, bacteria, bacterial spores, fungal spores, and pollen. Particulate matter may be organic or inorganic both types are very important atmospheric contaminants. 

A possible example of this thesis is the crystalline insect toxin found in Bacillus thuringiensis spores and discussed here by Dr. Anderson. Although neither the bacillus nor its spores exhibit useful antibiotic activity against other microorganisms, the very specific toxicity to insects has become of major commercial interest. The enormous number and variety of fungal species available for further examination must lead inevitably to one or more which produces pesticidal metabolites. 

There are representatives of desiccation tolerant species amongst all of the major plant divisions. The water content of many bacterial and fungal spores is low (<25%) and they exhibit great tolerance of desiccation (see Ross Billing, 1957 Bradbury et ai, 1981). Desiccation tolerant cyanobacteria are found in a diverse range of drought-prone habitats. 

The vegetative fungal form is often as sensitive as vegetative bacteria to antimicrobial agents. Fungal spores (conidia and chlamydospores see Chapter 2) may be more... 

Fungal spores or mycelium may be added to the solution under test. At selected time intervals, samples can be subcultured into suitable media and the presence or absence of growth noted after incubation. A quantitative assessment similar to that described for bactericidal activity (section 3.2, Table 11.3) can also be undertaken. 

Surprisingly little is known about the resistance of yeasts, fungi and fungal spores to disinfeetants and preservatives. They are a major source of potential contamination in pharmaceutical product preparation and aseptic processing since they abound in the environment. It is, however, possible to make some general observations ... 

However, inoculum size alone is not always a rehable indicator of likely spoilage potential. A very low level of s, aggressive pseudomonads in a weakly preserved solution may suggest a greater risk than tablets containing fairly high numbers of fungal and bacterial spores. 

Cost of the enzyme production in solid substrate was estimated to be US 180 for 10 million units of crude pectinase. This price included the production of fungal spore inoculum. This production of pectinases from Rhizopus sp. 26R using agricultural wastes as solid substrates was one of the way to utilize agricultural wastes to value-added products and the cost of the enzyme production was very reductive. 

R. Sanders, M. Alt, K, Groppe, T. Boiler, and A. Wiemken, Identification of ribosomal DNA polymorphisms among and within spores of the Glomules application to studies on the genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. New Phytol. /30 419 (1995). 

In some situations, if good plant hygiene is not maintained, fungal spores can also become established in and around the Fourdrinier wire. These can develop into large surface colonies which can become dislodged and transfer onto the paper sheet during formation. Again, this can lead to paper sheet failure. 

Many powdered raw materials, e.g. china clay, talc and calcium carbonate are natural products, coming from the soil and often contaminated with appreciable numbers of bacterial and fungal spores. Products heated to high temperatures during preparation, e.g. calcined kaolin clay used as a titanium dioxide extender, will generally be free from such contaminants. 

Welham, K. J. Domin, M. A. Johnson, K. Jones, L. Ashton, D. S. Characterization of fungal spores by laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 2000,14, 307-310. 

Along similar lines Li, Liu, and Chen63 demonstrated that fungal spores from several strains of Asperigillus species yielded MALDI mass spectral features that were unique and characteristic. Likewise Fenselau and coworkers observed unique mass spectra from spores associated with Bacillus bacteria, indicating that different strains could be differentiated.64... 

Fig. 12. Schematic representation of how the plant cuticle induces cutinase in a fungal spore... 

Macko V (1981) Inhibitors and stimulants of spore germination and infection structure formation in fungi. In Turian G, Holh HR (eds) The fungal spore morphogenetic controls. Academic Press, New York, p 565... 

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