Analyzing Safety Performance

In Analyzing Safety Performance, also written by Dan Petersen and published in 1980, Chapter 1 is titled The Professional Safety Task. It opens with a duplication of the then-available issue of the Scope and Functions of the Professional Safety Position, which is published by the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE). 

Petersen, Dan. Analyzing Safety Performance. New York Garland STPM Press, 1980. 

Are records of safety performance maintained, analyzed and communicated to all employees ... 

We must not forget the client. The client review is an excellent tool that can be used to get the client s first impression of safety performance. This has been shown to be especially effective when conducted on a formal basis after a phase of the project, or the entire project, has been completed. The PM and the SM should arrange to meet the client represen-tative(s) in a face-to-face meeting to discuss safety performance and possibly other parameters of the recently completed job, or phase of job. The information obtained from the review is immediately analyzed. Once analyzed, it can be used to prevent recurrences of identified problems, to publicize good practices and innovative approaches to problem solving, and to perform work more safely and efficiently. 

The identification and implementation of new or improved process safety metrics alone will not improve process safety. Rather, the data must be collected, analyzed, communicated, understood, and acted upon. While metrics can highlight process safety performance strengths and weaknesses, process safety improvement comes when such efforts are directed towards achieving and maintaining desired performance by correcting weak performance. 

In order to allow for efficient safety monitoring of the study, an independent data monitoring committee composed of international experts in movement disorder and stereotactic neurosurgery will analyze safety data at predefined intervals during the study. The first safety analysis will be performed when 1-month data from 12 patients is complete, the second will be with 1-month data from 36 patients, and the third and last when all patients have reached the 1-month time point after surgery. 

System dynamics steps to solve the problem (Wu J.Z. et al. 1985) is (1) to identify the problem how the coal mine safety input influence factors of coal mine production, which in turn affect coal mine safety performance (2) to determine the system boundary safety production system in coal mine (3) to determine causal graph and define the variable draw causal graph of coal mine safety production system and define the model variable (4) to establish equations, models and analyze the simulation model. 

This article firstly pointed that from the current construction there is a decreasing function of non-normal law between presentative safety performance scores and the corresponding number of accidents, and analyzing safety checklist scores and the corresponding number of accidents statistically in one project. The number of accidents showed a decreasing trend as the presentative safety performance scores increasing, but it did not really reflect the safety performance of construction projects. 

Affect the manner in which safety performance data are collected, analyzed, and reported ... 

The enterprise analyzes and prioritizes potential functional failure modes to define failure effects and identify the need for fault detection and recovery fimctions. Functional reliability models are established to support the analysis of system effectiveness for each operational scenario. Failures, which represent significant safety, performance, or environmental hazards, are modeled to completely understand system impacts. 

Implementing a safety performance system starts with defining the job-performance objectives for the position to be analyzed. This will require a thorough and accurate analysis of the job. The most common task analysis method for analyzing jobs requires a decomposition of job tasks into simpler subtasks, component tasks, or steps (Kaufman, Thiagarajan, and Sivasailam 1997, 189). The safety field is familiar with this process, as it is a common approach to conducting safety-related analyses such as job safety analyses or procedure analyses. Selection of the job tasks to analyze... 

The Pearson Correlation Coefficient can be used to determine if a relationship exists between two variables—both of which are continuous in nature. Examples of safety performance data that can be analyzed can include the number of lost workdays for an injured employee and the years of experience on the job, the concentrations of hazardous materials in the air, and the number of visits to the nurses office, etc. In addition to the requirement for both variables to be continuous, the following additional... 

Benchmarking can be undertaken in almost any area of business and organizational endeavor, including safety performance. The basic requirement is that key performance variables are identified, measured, analyzed, and compared to provide a basis for planned performance improvement. An optimum benchmark can be characterized by the following (Holloway, Lewis, and Mallory 1995,134) ... 

While some individuals may have a predisposition toward one of the three needs, it is more likely they will possess two or all three of them. Frequently, we attempt to influence the behavior of others by using rewards that seem important to us. It is possible to influence the behavior of others only when you know what is important to them. By considering all three of McClelland s motives and analyzing individuals to determine what needs each has, it becomes theoretically possible to structure rewards in such a way that individuals needs are met through higher safety performance. 

While statistical and historical data are considered after the fact and are designated as lagging indicators in the literature on leading and lagging indicators, they do provide broad, macro, and meaningful measures of safety performance. Analyzing the incident data, professionally, will result in ... 

Monitor and assess safety performance. Organizations should continually monitor, assess, and learn from their own performance with regard to safety. Incident and accident data should be collected and analyzed accordingly, and appropriate lessons should be drawn from such endeavors. 

Ask these questions when analyzing the impact of extra consequences put in place to motivate improved safety performance. 

BDBAs and SAs An extension of the events that must be formally considered in safety analysis that takes the design well beyond its normal or limiting operational envelope and contains degradation of systems, components, and structures. Analyze and address weaknesses and inform risk-dominant accidents using probabilistic safety analyses, and develop emergency measures and procedures to manage the safety performance using state-of-the-art computer codes and applicable data. 

A pol5uner lithium-ion battery has been assembled using LiNio.sMni 5O4 as the positive electrode, a Sn-C composite as the negative electrode, and a gel polymer electrolyte of 1M LiPFg solution in EC/PC (1 1) and PVDR The thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA)-differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis shows that there is no decomposition of the electrodes or the electrolyte at 200°C, which illustrates the excellent safety performance of this assembled battery. 

In most studies, the latter procedure produced better results due to memory constraints. The usefulness of the CIT strongly depends on the verbal abilities of the person interviewed. Experience has shown that most supervisors are able to report critical incidents. CIT can also be used as an observation tool. Komaki et al. (1978) identified desired safety practices by observing and analyzing critical incidents at a food manufacturing plant and improved safety performance considerably by frequent low-cost reinforcement of the desired behavior. 

This conclusion would be mistaken. There is great variability among organizations in healthcare safety performance. For example, when HealthGrades, Inc., analyzed publicly reported information on Medicare patients in all U.S. hospitals annually during 2003 through 2005, it found the following " ... 

Figure 12.3 Mager s Decision Tree for Improving Safety Performance. Based on and adapted using Mayer, Robert, Peter Pipe, Analyzing Performance Probiems.

High performance Hquid chromatography (hplc) may be used to determine nitroparaffins by utilizing a standard uv detector at 254 nm. This method is particularly appHcable to small amounts of nitroparaffins present, eg, in nitro alcohols (qv), which caimot be analyzed easily by gas chromatography. Suitable methods for monitoring and deterrnination of airborne nitromethane, nitroethane, and 2-nitropropane have been pubUshed by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (97). Ordinary sorbant tubes containing charcoal are unsatisfactory, because the nitroparaffins decompose on it unless the tubes are held in dry ice and analyzed as soon after collection as possible. 

Analyze Barriers and Potential Human Performance Difficulties During this phase of the analysis process, the barriers that have been breached by the accident are identified. TTiese barriers could include existing safety systems, guards, containment, etc. This analysis is called barrier analysis. The causal factors from SORTM are also applied in more detail. 

During the PHEA stage, the analyst has to identify likely human errors and possible ways of error detection and recovery. The PHEA prompts the analyst to examine the main performance-influencing factors (PIFs) (see Chapter 3) which can contribute to critical errors. All the task steps at the bottom level of the HTA are analyzed in turn to identify likely error modes, their potential for recovery, their safety or quality consequences, and the main performance-influencing factors (PIFs) which can give rise to these errors. In this case study, credible errors were found for the majority of the task steps and each error had multiple causes. An analysis of two operations from the HTA is presented to illustrate the outputs of the PHEA. Figure 7.12 shows a PHEA of the two following tasks Receive instructions to pump and Reset system. 

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