Observational tools

The scanning tunneling microscope was invented as an observational tool, a device for examining the structure of materials at magnifications higher than those possible with an optical (light)... 

However, cause-and-effect relationships in these situations are obscured by rampant variability and multiple mysterious causes. The approach is passive. Classical observational tools for industry usually include sampling plans, control charts, and process capability studies. In addition, Branning has found two of the most useful observational tools for validation and PAT are process flow charts and fishbone diagrams, which help define the process and identify the potential sources of variability. These observational tools need to be used on a routine basis to collect background data for validation and PAT. 

However, as noted, these tools are passive. There is no deliberate and specific control of the environment or critical process parameters. These observational tools cannot find and describe cause-and-effect relationships directly. The only way to find these relationships is to conduct a multivariate controlled experiment. 

Scientists use computer-linked probes to measure various environmental factors including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ionic concentration, and pressure. The advantage of computer-linked probes, as compared to more traditional observational tools, is that the probes automatically gather data and present it in an accessible format. This property of computer-linked probes eliminates the need for constant human observation and manipulation. 

If we will enhance safety culture and standardize employee safety behavior, it cannot leave the application of behavior-based safety management tools. The behavior-based safety management tools are an important means that is to effectively promote the safety culture of enterprise. At present, in SINOPEC comprehensive apvplication of HSE observation tools, its core is to conduct field observation and analysis and communication, to interfere with the way or intervention, make people know the dangers of unsafe behavior, prevent and eliminate imsafe behavior. 

Credit for the first microscope is usually given to Zacharias Janssen aroimd the year 1595. Because Zacharias was very young at that time, it is possible that his father, Hans, made the first one, but young Zach took over the introduction of these seemingly magic observation tools. 

The surface of specimens should be carefully prepared for observation. Preparation is necessary to provide a finely ground and polished smface with sharp edges of all observed objects grains, particles, pores, voids, cracks and others. Also a clear contrast between these objects and the cement paste should be produced. These requirements are similar at various levels of observation and should be rationally realized. The preparation and impregnation technique is adapted to the objects to be distinguished on the surface of a specimen and to the kind of the observation tool - a microscope. Details of preparation of specimens are described and presented on various images in many papers, e.g. Soroushian et al. (2003) and Brandt and Kasperkiewicz (2003). 

This walk-through is typically no more than one hour in length and is not to be treated as a formal inspection, rather more of an awareness and general observation tool that allows the group to interact with employees to identify specific concerns about hazards. 

The curvature method also has some inherent limitations. Since the method entails determination of plastic response through the imposition of a temperature change or phase transformation, which is known to alter the plastic properties of metals, care should be exercised in the interpretation of strain relaxation phenomena from curvature measurements. There are also no clear means of isolating the individual contributions to overall curvature evolution seen experimentally from such factors as plastic yielding, strain hardening, diffusional creep, or microstructural changes, without recourse to other independent experimental and observational tools. 

Accordingly, in the past few years, STM has changed from a simple observation tool to a tool to investigate the system. Certainly, such research will increase in the future. 

Labrune, J., Mackay, W. Tangicam exploring observation tools for children. In Proceeding of the 2005 Conference on interaction Design and Children. IDC 05, pp. 95-102. ACM Press, New York (2005)... 

The current chapter will introduce the reader to the principles and techniques of THz-TDS as applied to spatially resolved imaging. A selection of examples where THz imaging was applied to solid drug formulations will be discussed thereafter. These appUcations illustrate how such an observation tool enables scientists to propose new ways of inspecting solid dosage forms. It also furthers the detailed understanding of more complex structures and improves the fine setting of process parameters. 

The quantity of triboformed h-BN is very low (a few atomic per cent) and only powerful and sensitive analytical and observation tools are able to identify this lamellar compound. 

An accident stands for just one of several possible outcomes of man-machine interactions in hazardous situations. The kinds of near misses or conflict patterns where actual injuries are avoided are far more common. Incidents and conflicts can be used to gain sufficient and reliable information on the underlying accident conditions due to their increased likelihood as compared to the rare events of accidents themselves. The critical incident technique calls for the description of near misses in recently experienced work situations (Flanagan 1954). The traffic conflicts technique is an observation tool and samples different types of near accidents to identify unsafe technical conditions of the traffic location observed, types of unsafe behavior of drivers, cyclists and pedestrians, as well as types of hazardous traffic regulations (Zimolong 1982, Erke Gstalter 1985). 

In most studies, the latter procedure produced better results due to memory constraints. The usefulness of the CIT strongly depends on the verbal abilities of the person interviewed. Experience has shown that most supervisors are able to report critical incidents. CIT can also be used as an observation tool. Komaki et al. (1978) identified desired safety practices by observing and analyzing critical incidents at a food manufacturing plant and improved safety performance considerably by frequent low-cost reinforcement of the desired behavior. 

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