Reliability function

The reliability function in this example could be estimated as... 

The reliability function corresponding to nonnally distributed failure time is given by... 

A compound or element added to all calibration standards and samples in a constant known amount. Sometimes a major constituent of the samples to be analysed can be used for this purpose. Instead of preparing a conventional calibration curve of instrument response as a function of analyte mass, volume or concentration, a response ratio is computed for each calibration standard and sample, i.e. the instrument response for the analyte is divided by the corresponding response for the fixed amount of added internal standard. Ideally, the latter will be the same for each pair of measurements but variations in experimental conditions may alter the responses of both analyte and internal standard. However, their ratio should be unaffected and should therefore be a more reliable function of... 

In conclusion, the reliable, functionally vital and stereotyped nature of the pups response to the chemical signal governing nipple-search behaviour would seem to qualify this as a true mammalian releasing pheromone (Beauchamp, Doty, Moulton and Mugford 1976) and particularly as it appears to be species-specific rabbit pups fail to respond to lactating cats, rats, guinea pigs or even hares with nipple-search behaviour or nipple attachment (Muller 1978 Hudson 1985 own observations). 

A liquid-membrane ISM [66, 184, 185] was introduced into physiological laboratories by Walker [183], It is schematically depicted in fig. 4.6. For reliable functioning, the internal surface of the tip must be siliconized over a distance of about 200/Lim. The reaction. 

Figure 8 compares the failure probability and reliability functions for an exponential distribution. Whereas the reliability of the device is initially unity, it falls off exponentially with time and asymptotically approaches zero. The failure probability, on the other hand, does the reverse. Thus new devices start life with high reliability and end with a high failure probability. 

For this purpose several international consents are already developed, the most progressive of which is considered the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). In the framework of the ECT the signatory parties have been agreed on many important issues to support the transit pipelines reliable functioning. 

Such controlled motion might become even more important, if one realizes that a bistable, controllable rotaxane might be useful as a nanoscale electronic device. One state would then be the "0", the other would represent the 1" state of one bit of a computer memory. Even if we have a long way to go before using these molecules as reliable functional units in electrical circuits minimized to nanometer dimensions, it seems to be of great promise and such promise demands the intense study of ways to synthesize these molecules and the detailed examination of their properties. 

Satisfactory colonic absorption is also an important prerequisite for the reliable function of prolonged action dosage forms. 

As is already clear, a reliable functional representation of the potential-energy surface is of extreme importance. Such a functional form must be as simple as possible in order to facilitate solving the dynamical problem, but must contain sufficient complexity that the reliability of the representation will not be jeopardized.105 In this spirit we have suggested models which have physical motivation and allow a simple, yet reliable, representation of the EHF and corr two-body17 136 140 and three-body17,21141 energy terms. Since the EHF terms are, in principle, calculable by ab initio methods (and subsequently represented in analytic form) whereas the corr terms are calculated semi-... 

For strongly coupled M/C interfaces, no reliable functional forms of atomistic interaction potentials have been proposed yet. 

Fig. I a, b. Plots for the determination of uniformity coefficients (reliability function) of phenolic foam samples during tensile tests (a) normal (Gaussian) distribution (b) Weibull s distribution )...

Electrical power systems that serve pharmaceutical equipment must be safe, reliable, functional, predictable, flexible, clean, and sometimes validated. The electrical power systems have voltages ranging from 120 to 69,000 V. Pharmaceutical plants in the United States and Canada can purchase 3 phase, 60 Hz electric power from utility companies that is more reliable than the power they could generate in house. Whereas in other countries, electric power is purchased at 3 phase, 50 Hz, and may not be as reliable as power that is generated in the plant. 

Failure times of equipments are sampled using reliability function (failure rate) of equipments... 

There are no convenient or reliable functional tests of pantothenic acid status, thus assessment is made by direct measurement of whole blood or urine pantothenic acid concentrations. Urine measurements are perhaps the easiest to conduct and interpret, and concentrations are closely related to dietary intake, Whole blood measurements are preferred to plasma, which contains only free pantothenic acid and is insensitive to changes in pantothenic acid intake. Concentrations of pantothenic acid in aU of the above fluids can be measured by microbiological assay, most commonly using Lactobacillus plantarum. Whole blood must first be treated with an enzyme preparation to release pantothenic acid fi om CoA. Other techniques that have been used to measure pantothenic acid in human samples include radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography, Other techniques that have been developed include gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a stable isotope dilution assay. CoA and AGP can be measured by enzymatic methods. ... 

Uncertainty with respect to the response of azides to different physical stimuli is the principal threat to safe handling and reliable performance in explosive trains. The fonuer is of increased concern as large quantities are used, and the latter becomes more critical in trains of sophisticated design where reliable functioning depends on reduced margins of error. 

Sensitivity plays a pivotal role in explosives technology, because on the one hand it is indicative of the hazards associated with handling a material, and on the other hand it is a key parameter determining the effectiveness of an explosive in an explosive train. In the former case occurrences of low probability are of interest, while in the latter case reliable functioning of an azide demands certainty that it will detonate in response to a given stimulus. 

This is one reason why in general reliable function predictions cannot be inferred from structural models and mere significance of structural similarity at the level of folds. The current state-of-the-art of understanding structure-function relationships requires additional evidence to make such predictions. This, however, could be available via additional experimental measurements (e.g. expression data) or knowledge on biochemical and protein interaction networks. 

Therefore it is a basic concern of reliability to determine the mathematical form of fit) or F(t). A few fundamental functions are available in the literature which serve as lifetime distribution models and which in many cases can describe the time behavior of failures by adjusting one or more parameters. An overview of these distribution models is given in more detail in [9, 10]. As one of these models, the Weibull distribution is a powerful tool that often allows a very good description of the actual reliability functions by fitting two parameters. Table 5.9.3 lists the various functions R(t), F(t),fit), and h(t) for the Weibull distribution. 

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