Extra consequences

Ask these questions when analyzing the impact of extra consequences put in place to motivate improved safety performance. 

Some tasks do not provide intrinsic or natural feedback. In this case, it is necessary to add an extrinsic, or extra, consequence to support or redirect the behavior. Many, if not most, safety behaviors fall in this category. 

When it comes to safety and health, internal consequences to support the right behavior are terribly important. Remember, external and intrinsic (natural) consequences for safe behaviors are not readily available, and we cannot expect to receive sufficient support (extra consequences) from others to sustain our proactive, safe, and healthy choices. So we need to talk to ourselves with sincere conviction to boost our intentions. We also need to give ourselves genuine self-reinforcement after we do the right thing to keep ourselves going. When we receive special external consequences from others for our efforts, we need to savor these and use them later to bolster our self-reinforcement. 

Figure 11.6 summarizes the different types of consequences. Relative to a task or job assignment, consequences can be natural (intrinsic) or extra (extrinsic). Natural consequences, produced by the target behavior, are usually immediate and certain. In contrast, extra consequences are added to the situation and are often delayed and may be uncertain. Extra consequences are necessary when the natural consequences are insufficient to motivate the desired behavior, as is often the case with safety-related achvities (Geller, 1996 Sulzer-Azaroff, 1992). 

Let us take it a step further. Perhaps another person adds an extra consequence by commending or condemning your performance. This could dramatically influence your motivation. What if you got paid for gardening or playing the piano Your motivation could be further influenced. 

As we have discussed, some activities or behaviors are not readily motivated by certain types of consequences, thus requiring extra support. Figure 11.6 can be used to identify these tasks and guide approaches for consequence intervention. Because safe behavior competes with at-risk behavior that is supported by external and natural consequences, it is usually necessary to support safe behavior with extra consequences. This leads us now to a discussion of two very popular safety topics rewards and penalties (actually referred to as "discipline" in occupational settings). 

The contingencies can involve natural or extra consequences. When PPE is made available that is more comfortable or convenient to use, a natural behavior-consequence contingency is put in place decreasing the previous negative consequences of safe behavior—the possible feeling of discomfort and restricted movement that can come from wearing PPE. 

The extra stress is proportional to the derivatives of velocity components and consequently the order of velocity derivatives in terms arising from... 

Most of them are generally classified as poisons. Exceptions to this rule are known. A notable one is 4-dimethyl aminopyridine (DMAP) (24), which is widely used in industry as a superior acylation catalyst (27). Quaternary salts of pyridines are usually toxic, and in particular paraquat (20) exposure can have fatal consequences. Some chloropyridines, especially polychlorinated ones, should be handled with extra care because of their potential mutagenic effects. Vinylpyridines are corrosive to the skin, and can act as a sensitizer for some susceptible individuals. Niacin (27), niacinamide (26), and some pyridinecarbaldehydes can cause skin flushing. 

As has been previously discussed, the limitation of (oe) to (0.32oc), allows the variance of the peak eluted from the column to be increased by a maximum of 10% by any extra-column dispersion and, consequently, the width of the peak by a maximum of 5%. 

If structural failure of the fabricated composite occurs by cracks in the matrix, fracture of the particle-matrix interface, or case debonding under any applied load, the extra and exposed surface will cause an enormous rise in the motor pressure during the combustion event with disasterous consequences. 

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