Failure defined

Patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy had a significant improvement in median survival (14 vs 9 mo) and 5-yr survival (26% vs 0%,p< 0.0001) (43). Even with further follow-up, the 8-yr survival remained 22% (44). The incidence of local failure (defined as persistent disease, as well as the first site of failure) was significantly decreased in the combined modality arm (45% vs 68%, p = 0.0123). Although randomization was discontinued early due to the positive results, an additional 69 patients treated with the same chemoradiation regimen had similar results (3-yr survival = 30%) (43-45). A second randomized study of chemoradiotherapy to radiation alone found a significant improvement in median survival (14.8 vs 9.2 mo, p = 0.04), but no difference in 5-yr survival (9% vs 7%). The chemotherapy consisted of 5-FU, mitomycin-C, and radiation. This was not, however, purely a comparison of concurrent chemoradiation to radiation alone, as almost 50% of patients in each arm went on to surgery. The operative mortality was 17% (46). 

Among these 76 patients, 109 bare-coronary stents were deployed in 103 de novo lesions in an equal number of major native epicardial vessels. Patients with in-stent restenosis, bifurcation lesions, vein graft lesions, lesion length of >0.20 mm, acute myocardial infarction in the previous 72 hours, poor left ventricular function (ejection fraction <35%), renal failure defined as creatinine concentration of >2 mg, or under immunosuppressive treatment were excluded from the study. 

Susceptibihty factors have been investigated in a large retrospective study of 274 patients aged under 45 years, of whom 70 had received cyclophosphamide, 84 azathiopr-ine but not cyclophosphamide, and 88 either no drug or hydroxychloroquine alone (35). The overall incidence of ovarian failure, defined as sustained amenorrhea for at least 12 months and documented by reduced estradiol concentrations, was 26, 1, and 0% respectively. The mean delay to onset of the first missed menses was 4.4 months. A higher age at the start of treatment and cumulative dose were independent risk factors for cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian failure. The incidences were 14, 28, and 50% in patients aged under 30 years, 30-39 years, and over 40 years respectively, and 4, 26, 31, 70%... 

Patients with chronic renal impairment because of diminished renal prostaglandin production may also be at increased risk of NSAID-induced renal failure. NSAID-induced acute kidney injury has been documented in patients with asymptomatic, but mild chronic renal failure, defined as a recruitment serum creatinine between 133 pmol/L and 265 pmol/L (1.5 and 3.0 mg/dl) [45]. Baseline excretion of urinary prostaglandin and 6-keto-prostaglandin F was quantitatively lower in the individuals who developed NSAID-induced renal decompensation than in those who did not. Upon initiation of ibuprofen, urinary prostaglandin excretion fell in all patients, but trough concentrations were quantitatively lower in the subset of patients who experienced acute kidney injury. 

A series of fully functional sensors were tested until failure (defined for this application as membrane fracture). A sample of the recorded survival times is shown in Figure 5.9.14. 

Knowing the F.S. at each element based on failure defined by a specified strain in a laboratory test makes possible the evaluation of the equivalent cycUc strain at each element. These strains are strains that would develop in a laboratory test specimen, which is subjected to the same static and seismic stresses imposed on a field element. However, an element in the field cannot strain like the test specimen because it is constrained by the deformations of adjacent elements. Thus, with reference to the field loading case, the cyclic strains are referred to as potential strains. Judgment is again required to interpret the meaning of strain potential in terms of the overall dynamic stability of the slope. 

Solution Define event A as failure. Define event B1 as the day shift, B2 as the evening shift, and B3 as the night shift. The probability of failure given, event B1 (day shift) is calculated knowing that one failure occurred in 3650 hours (one third of the hours in one year). A variation of Equation B-10 can be used where P(B1) is day shift probability, P(B2) is the evening shift probability, and P(B3) is the night shift probability. 

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis analyses potential failures of systems, components or functions and their effects. Each component is considered in turn, its possible modes of failure defined and the potential effects delineated. 

Tbst speed for ductile failure (defined as yielding or with a strain at break >10%) is 50 mm/min and for a brittle failure (defined as rupture without yielding or strain at break <10%) is 5 mm/min. For modulus determinations the test speed is 1 mm/min. Test speed is specified in the specification for the material being tested. If no speed is specified, then use the lowest speed given in Table 1 (5, 50, or 500 mm/min) which gives rupture within 0.5 to response and resolution are adequate. 

The probability of failure in equation (7.3) depends on the material volume. This is plausible if we assume that a single defect of critical size will cause the component to fail, for, if the volume and thus the number of defects is increased, the probability of a critical defect being present increases as well. This will now be shown using an example. It is useful to consider the probability of survival Ps instead of the probability of failure, defined as... 

Improved MEA design will favor the oxidation of water over the carbon support. This can be accomplished through the approaches described below. For the results described, the cell reversal tolerance is the time to complete cell failure (defined as a cell voltage of -2 V) during a simulated fuel starvation experiment. 

There is a significant change (in the 2010 version of lEC 61508) in that previously safe failures included all failures which have no adverse effect on the safety function. This has now been narrowed to admit only those which result in forcing the so-called safe state which therefore infers a spurious triggering of the safety function (e.g., shutdown or trip). The net result is to reduce the quantity of failures defined as safe which, being on the top and bottom of the equation, effectively reduces the SFF which can be claimed. 

The author s surveys of drivers conducted to enquire about the quality of traffic conditions indicate that level IV of service [Chodur 2004] may be further subdivided. Bearing that in mind more extensive research would be needed to determine drivers acceptance of adverse weather conditions in major cities. In the paper the author uses selected surveys to determine the beginning of two states of failure defined by means of average delay and related lengths of residual queues... 

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