Ammonias, compound

Recovery of Ammonia. The filter Hquor contains unreacted sodium chloride and substantially all the ammonia with which the brine was originally saturated. The ammonia may be fixed or free. Fixed ammonia (ammonium chloride [12125-02-97]) corresponds stoichiometrically to the precipitated sodium bicarbonate. Free ammonia includes salts such as ammonium hydroxide, bicarbonate, and carbonate, and the several possible carbon—ammonia compounds that decompose at moderate temperatures. A sulfide solution may be added to the filter Hquor for corrosion protection. The sulfide is distilled for eventual absorption by the brine in the absorber. As the filter Hquor enters the distiller, it is preheated by indirect contact with departing gases. The warmed Hquor enters the main coke, tile, or bubble cap-fiUed sections of the distiller where heat decomposes the free ammonium compounds and steam strips the ammonia and carbon dioxide from the solution. 

Ammoniak-rest, m. ammonia residue (amidogen, NH2). -rohr, n. ammonia tube or pipe, -salpeter, m. ammonia saltpeter (ammonium nitrate), -salz, n. ammonium salt, -selfe,/. ammonia soap, -soda, /. ammonia soda, Solvay soda, -stickstoff, m. ammonia nitrogen. -verbindung, /, ammonia compound ammonium compound, -verfahren, n. ammonia process, -wasche, /. ammonia scrubbing ammonia recovery plant, -wascher,... 

A species that bonds to a metal cation to form a complex is known as a ligand. Any species that has a lone pair of electrons has the potential to be a ligand, but in this section, we confine our description to a few of the most common ligands ammonia, compounds derived from ammonia, cyanide, and halides. We describe additional examples in Chapter 20 which addresses the chemistry of the transition metals. 

The most intriguing results were obtained for cobalt(III) chloride. By 1890, several ammonia compounds of C0CI3 had been isolated. These coordination compounds differed in several of their properties, the most striking of which were their beautiful colors. At the time, the formulas of these cobalt complexes were written as follows ... 

Bentonite is an impure clay that is formed by weathering of volcanic tuffs. It contains a high content of montmorillonite. Bentonites exhibit properties such as ability to swell, ion exchange, and thixotropy. Properties can be modified by ion exchange, for example, exchange of earth alkali metals to alkali metals. The specific surface can be modified with acid treatment. Organophilic properties can be increased by treatment with quaternary ammonia compounds. 

Dawson, H.M. McCrae, J. "LIV.-Metal-Ammonia Compounds in Aqueous Solution. Part II. The Absorptive Powers of Dilute Solutions of Salts of the Alkali Metals," J. Chem. Soc. Trans., 1901, 79 > 493-511. 

The paper sets out the results obtained from the treatment of animal waste products by anaerobic digestion. An initial study was also made of the production of ammonia compounds in the waste products by anaerobic digestion. 

The effect of dehydrating the digested waste using solar energy is investigated with respect to the stability of the ammonia compounds and the reduction of odour with the aim of producing an agriculturally valuable product. 

Ammonia compounds are a primary chemical component of many reconstituted tobaccos. The importance of ammoniation in the development of the characteristic flavor popularized by Marlboro has been widely pubhcized (Bates et al. 1999 Freedman 1995 Hurt and Robertson 1998). The chemical impact of ammoniation is complex and appears to influence the form and delivery of nicotine in a variety of interconnected ways (see BW Fig. 4) (Johnson 1989). Ammoniated reconstituted tobacco has a characteristic mild sensory profile, and features a number of important compounds created through the reaction between ammonia and sugars (J.R. Reynolds 1980 Wells and Kendrick 1995). Addition of ammonia as a strong base leads to increased smoke pH, which corresponds with increased levels of free nicotine in smoke (Hurt and Robertson 1998). Thus, a 1982 position paper from RJR observed that ... ammonia in smoke is one of the major pH controlling components and that ... studies of the effect of ammonia on smoke composition showed... an increase in physiological satisfaction with increasing ammonia content (Bemasek and Nystrom 1982). 

Many fertilizers are based on ammonia compounds. Modem agriculture requires more nitrogen in soils than is normally replaced by the nitrogen cycle, hghtning, decaying plants and animals, and other natural means... 

Dibenzopyrrocolines have been prepared by intramolecular addition of benzyne intermediates and by nucleophilic substitutions, as shown in Scheme 6 with the synthesis of ( )-cryptowoline (2) and the related dehydro base 39 by Bennington and Morin (7). ( )-6 -Bromotetrahydroisoquinoline 37, prepared by standard procedures, when heated with copper powder in dimethylformamide afforded dibenzopyrrocoline 38 in low yield, and 39 was formed when 37 was allowed to react with potassium amide in liquid ammonia. Compound 39 was converted to ( )-cryptowoline iodide (2) by hydrogenolysis of O-benzyl ether 39 and quartemization with methyl iodide. 

Utilities using post-combustion SCR-supported ammonia injection for NOx control as well as those using ammonia conditioning to improve electrostatic precipitator performance will produce fly ash that contains ammonia compounds. The ammonia is primarily physically adsorbed onto the fly ash particles as sulphate and bisulphate species. In many cases, the residual ammonia levels are quite low (<50ppm) however, elevated concentrations can occur as the catalyst ages or due to mechanical problems with the ammonia injection system. While elevated ammonia concentrations in fly ash do not negatively impact pozzolanic properties, it can reduce ash marketability due to odour concerns. For this reason, several processes have been developed to remove or reduce the amount of ammonia in fly ash. 

Martin, W. J., Martin, J. E., Horler, S. Nikolaus, T. 1993. Process for Extracting of Disposing of Ammonia or Ammonia Compounds from Dust Mixtures. US Patent No. 5,211,926. 

One of the first important steps in unravelling the problem was taken by Berzelius with regard to ammonia compounds of the platinum salts. Reasoning from the duaiistic theory, he believed these substances to be complexes formed by the union of ammonia with another complex this complex was not decomposed on treatment with aeids, arul it did not affect the saturation capacity of the base. lie used formula of a special type to express the nature of the complex. Thus, the union of platinum chloride and ammonia was represented by... 

Nomenclature.—A definite system of nomenclature has been adopted for metal-ammines, and the old names derived from the colour of the compounds have, in the main, been abandoned, as they lead to confusion. The system adopted is that suggested by Werner. Ammonia molecules present in the complex are indicated by the terms monam-mino, diammino, triammino, tetrammino, pentammino, hexammino, the word ammino, written with a double m, having been adopted to show the relationship with ammonia and to distinguish from the ammonium salts and the substituted ammonia compounds, namely, the amines. 

The ammonium salts seem to form a special series of a different type to most of the other salts. This is connected with the general tendency of ammonium salts to form complex compounds, which in turn depends upon the peculiar properties of nitrogen—the mercury-ammonia compounds can be cited in illustration. Similar remarks apply to the ferro- and ferri-cyanides, etc. 

According to the recent analysis, of Bunsen, however, it appears that the composition of the compound is NIj, NHg, but tbat another compound of these elements exists, presenting the composition indicated by the formula 4 (NIj), NH, and which results from the precipitation of an aqueous solution of chloride of iodine by ammonia. In either case he regards.these iodides as ammonia compounds, in which the hydrogen is entirely replaced by iodine, and which, unite with an equivalent of undecomposed ammonia, as,expressed by the formula. He gives the- equation representing the formation of this explosive body by the mutual action of iodine and ammonia, thus—... 

It is noteworthy that it is often preferable to use the bisulphite compound of the aldehyde rather than the aldehyde itself (see p. 156). The small quantity of ammonia used above to help the reaction may do so by the momentary formation of the ammonia compound of the aldehyde. 

The ammonia-radicle theory.—The oldest hypothesis concerning the nature of the ammonia-compounds, and that adopted by A. L. Lavoisier, supposed ammonia to be an independent base or radicle, saturating acids, and forming salts. This theory has been likened to the etherin theory of J. B. A. Dumas and P. F. G. Boullay. The radicle is NHS sal-ammoniac is NH3+HCI etc. The theory makes no attempt to explain the nature of the other classes of ammonia-compounds nor does it explain the relation of ammonia to ordinary bases, which are metallic oxides, nor the differences between the ammoniacal salts from metallic sails of the same acid. Later on, the theory became associated with the mol. compound theory, so that sal ammoniac was represented by F. A. Kekule as an associated complex of ammonia and hydrogen chloride, in which the ammonia remained tervalent. These compounds were considered to be analogous to double salts, and to substances with water of crystallization. This view was supported by the ready dissociation of sal ammoniac by heat—a subject discussed in connection with ammonium chloride (2. 20, 16). H. Rose also emphasized the analogy between compounds of ammonia and of water in various salts as exemplified by the use of the term ammonia of crystallization. 

Aliphatic amines are obtained by reducing aldehyde-ammonia compounds in neutral or ammoniacal solution, or the aldehyde mixed with ammonia or ammonium salts can be electrolysed directly.1... 

Finally, the formation of derivatives of pyridine from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and related compounds on treatment with ammonia 0 may be considered in this section on the furan ring. 5-Hydroxymethyl-furfural itself gives 2-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxypyridine (XLIV) with ammonia, which is presumably formed by opening of the ring in the intermediate aldehyde-ammonia compound followed by closure to give the 6-membered ring. 

The tar and liquor plant handles the flushing liquor that circulates between the byproduct plant and the primary cooler. It also processes the wastewater that results from recovery of the coal moisture and chemically bound water in the coal. The flushing liquor flows into tar decanters, where the tar separates from the water and is pumped to storage for later sale. Heavier solid particles separate from the tar and are removed as tar decanter sludge. After withdrawal of a bleed stream that contains ammonia, the aqueous liquor is pumped back to the primary cooler. Following removal of tar particles, the wastewater stream is steam stripped. An alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, is added to decompose ammonia compounds dissolved in the liquor. The ammonia vapor is recovered and combined with the rest of the ammonia recovered from the coke-oven gas. 

Two hydrogen atoms also appear to be in a special position it is only possible to introduce four methyl groups to form B2H2(CH3)4. The sodium compound Na2[B2H6] will indeed contain an anion with a normal ethane structure, similarly to the above-mentioned lithium compound. The ammonia compound 2NH3.B2H6 is different however, probably NH4+[BH3—NH2—BH3]... 

Solutions of lithium chloride resemble water in their power of absorbing ammonia, complex ammonia compounds being formed.3 The anhydrous lithium halides also absorb ammonia, Bonnefoi4 having... 

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