Ammonia substituted

The pseudo-ionone has a peculiar but not very pronounced odour it docs not oombine with bisulphite of sodium as most of the ketones of the higher series, but, in other respects, it possesses the ordinary characteristic properties of the ketones, forming, in particular, products of condensation with phenylhydrazine, hydroxyl-amine and other substituted ammonias. 

The product resulting from this reaction is dissolved in ether, the latter is evaporated and the residue subjected to the fractional distillation in vacuo. The fraction distilling under a pressure of 12 mm. at a temperature of from 125° to 135° C. is collected. This product may be still further purified by converting it by means of phenylhydrazine or other substituted ammonias into a ketone condensation product decomposable under the action of dilute acids. 

In 1956 Brown, in a series of patents(68-75), disclosed that clays could be treated with di-, tri-, or tetra-substituted ammonia derivatives. Later, McLaughlin, et al.(76,77), introduced cationic polymers as permanent clay protective chemicals. A series of published results describing laboratory and field applications soon became available(78-81). Structural details of the cationic polymers appeared in patents(82-85). In general the polymers are polyamine derivatives, mostly quaternary in nature. Theng(86,87) has discussed how the multiple cationic centers in these polymers can interact and permanently protect clays. Callaway(88) et al. has noted that cationic polymers may interfere with the performance of crosslinked fracturing fluids. 

Substituted ammonia polar, water soluble >N-H forms H-bonds... 

Coordination of ammonia or a substituted ammonia to a metal ion alters markedly the N — H dissociation rate (see See. 6.4.2). Since also proton dissoeiation of complexed ammines is base-catalyzed, then exchange can be made quite slow in an aeid medium. Thus, in a eoordinated system of the type 12, containing an asymmetric nitrogen atom (and this is the only potential souree of optical activity), there is every chance for a successful resolution in acid conditions, since inversion is expected only after deprotonation. It was not until 1966 that this was suc-eessfully performed, however, using the complex ion 12. A number of Co(III), Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes containing sarcosine or secondary amines have been resolved and their raeemizations studied.Asymmetrie nitrogen centers appear eonfined to d and d ... 

The value of Foo for triethylamine (Foo = + 630 m.v.) appears to be identical with that for ammonia and the various substituted ammonias substitution thus appears to exert no effect on the moment of this molecule. 

Hannum (Ref 12) patented mixts of fuels, consisting of NMe (Nitromethane), NEt (Nicro-ethane), and mono, di-, or trinitropropane, with oxidants HNEt or TeNMe (Tetranltro-metbane), stabilized by the addn of substituted ammonias in amts of l to 10% by wt. 

The valency of the complex radicle is the same as that of the central metallic atom when the complex contains only ammonia, substituted ammonia, water, or other neutral group. For example, cobalt in eobaltie. salts is trivalent, and the cobalt complex with ammonia, Co(NI13)8 ", is likewise trivalent copper in cupric sulphate is divalent, and the copper complex, [Cu(NH3)4] , is also divalent. In the same wn.y [Co(NH3)5.H30] " and [Co(NII3)4.(II20)2] " are trivalent, as also [Co(NH3)2.en2]" and [Co.en3] ", where en represents cthyleucdiamine, CH NH2... 

Nomenclature.—A definite system of nomenclature has been adopted for metal-ammines, and the old names derived from the colour of the compounds have, in the main, been abandoned, as they lead to confusion. The system adopted is that suggested by Werner. Ammonia molecules present in the complex are indicated by the terms monam-mino, diammino, triammino, tetrammino, pentammino, hexammino, the word ammino, written with a double m, having been adopted to show the relationship with ammonia and to distinguish from the ammonium salts and the substituted ammonia compounds, namely, the amines. 

Chromium has a maximum co-ordination number of six the chromium atom, therefore, may combine with, at most, six monovalent atoms or groups, over and above its ordinary valency value, with formation of a complex radicle. Hence chromic chloride is capable of associating with, or adding on, six molecules of ammonia with formation of the derivative, [Cr(NH3)8]Cl3. Ammonia may be replaced by a substituted ammonia group or some other basic group, such as alkyl amine, pyridine, or ethylenediamine. 

Cobcdtic Salts with Trivalent Cation, [CoA6]R3 (where A represents ammonia or substituted ammonia and It a monovalent acidic radicle). 

SALT. A compound formed by replacement of part or all of the hydrogen of an acid by one (or more) element(s) or radrcal(s) that are essentially inorganic. Alkaloids, amines, pyridines, and other basic organic substances may be regarded as substituted ammonias in this connection. The characteristic properties of salts are the ionic lattice in the solid state and the ability to dissociate completely in solution. The halogen derivatives of hydrocarbon radicals and esters are not regarded as salts in the strict definition of the term,... 

The word amine is derived from ammonia, and the class of compounds known as amine s therefore are commonly named as substituted ammonias. In this system, primary amines, having only one substituent on nitrogen, are named with the substituent as a prefix. More systematic nomenclature appends -amine to the longest chain, as for alcohols ... 

The nitroamines are substituted ammonias, substances in which a nitro group is attached directly to a trivalent nitrogen atom. They are prepared in general either by the nitration of a nitrogen base or of one of its salts, or they are prepared by the splitting off of water from the nitrate of the base by the action of concentrated sulfuric acid upon it. At present two nitroamines are of particular interest to the explosives worker, namely, nitro-guanidine and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (cyclonite). Both are produced from synthetic materials which have become available in large commercial quantities only since the first World War, the first from cyanamide, the second from formaldehyde from the oxidation of synthetic methyl alcohol. 

The hydrogen atoms of ammonia can be replaced, one by one, by equivalent radicles—methyl, CH3 ethyl, C2H5 to form a series of compounds called the amines or substituted ammonias in which nitrogen is undoubtedly tervalent. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, or tertiary, according as one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms in ammonia are replaced by these radicles. Thus ... 

Thus, animation, or reaction with ammonia, is used to form both aliphatic and aromatic amines. Reduction of nitro compounds is the traditional process for producing amines, but ammonia or substituted ammonias (amines) react directly to form amines. The production of aniline by animation now exceeds that produced by reduction (of nitrobenzene). 

The cupric ion displays a characteristic power of forming complex derivatives with ammonia2 and substituted ammonias, an example being the cupric ammonium hydroxides mentioned on p. 254. A great number of other complex derivatives are derived from cuprous or cupric ions. In certain of these compounds both kinds of copper ions are present simultaneously, examples being the complex cupric-cuprous... 

Two other nitrides of iron have been prepared,2 namely, ferrous nitride, Fe3N2, and ferric nitride, FeN. The former is described as a black, oxidisable powder, obtained by heating lithium nitride with ferrous potassium chloride. The ferric nitride, FeN, resulted when lithium nitride was heated with ferric potassium chloride. It is a black substance, which, on being heated in air, oxidises to ferric oxide. These substances are, presumably, ferrous and ferric substituted ammonias, the constitutional formulae being —... 

Discussion in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 is valid for ammonia NX3 (X = H, D, T). This discussion can be easily extended to asymmetrically substituted ammonia molecules NH2D or ND2H. 

Note that the first four bases can be thought of as substituted ammonia molecules where hydrogen atoms are replaced by methyl (CH3) or ethyl (C2H5) groups. The pyridine molecule is like benzene... 

We have Seen that many bases have nitrogen atoms with one lone pair of electrons. These bases can be viewed as substituted ammonia molecules, with the general formula RXNH(3 X). Compounds of this type are called amines. 

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