Waste, uses

Fig. 4. Schematic of a leather tanning faciUty fitted with a wastewater treatment plant. Treatment of the combined wastes using sulfide oxidation and waste effluent pH adjustment greatiy decreases the suspended soHds and BOD loading (3). Courtesy of Krieger Publishing Co.

In the United States, up to about 4 x 10 Btu/yr of biofuels ate consumed for electricity generation, raising process heat, and domestic heat. Eurthermore, much of the energy needs of many nations are met by biofuels, including wood and wood waste, spent pulping fiquors, bagasse, and municipal waste. Some use is also made of dried com cobs, rice hulls, and a wide variety of agricultural wastes used in niche appfications. 

E. L. Davis, J. S. Ealcone, Jr., S. D. Boyce, and P. H. Kmmrine, "Mechanisms for the Eixation of Heavy Metals in Solidified Wastes Using Soluble... 

Sulfur polymer cement shows promise as an encapsulation and stabilization agent for use with low level radioactive and mixed wastes. Use of SPC allows accommodation of larger percentages of waste than PCC. As of this writing (1997), SPC-treated waste forms have met requirements of both the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 

Air separation Jig separation Pneumatic separation (stoners) Used to separate light (organic) materials from heavy (inorganic) materials in solid waste Used to separate light and heavy materials in solid waste hy means of density separation Used to separate light and heavy materials in solid waste Zig-zag-air, vihrating-air, rotary-air, and air-knife classifiers used with processed wastes shaldng-tahle ... 

The toller needs to be familiar with all raw materials, intermediate materials, products and wastes, used, produced or generated, respectively, while operating the process. Tollers in the U.S. should comply with the Federal OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, codified as 29 CFR. 1910.1200 and any similar state right-to-know laws that are currently in force or may be enacted during the term of the contract. This is often stated in the contract. The contract may require the toller to inform its employees of the chemical hazards associated with products or chemicals and may also be responsible for training its employees in the proper handling methods. The toller has an obligation when in doubt about a product or chemical, to seek further information from the product s manufacturer. 

The extraction technology is applied for scrap recycling of tantalum and niobium and for the treatment of related materials. Recovery of tantalum and niobium from secondary material, such as Sn slag, Ti slag, W slag, catalyst wastes, used cemented carbide and used tantalum capacitors was reviewed by Dai, Zhong, Li and Li [483]. 

Conceptual flowsheet for the extraction of actinides from high-level liquid waste using 0.4 M 0<)>D[IB]CMP0 in DEB. 

Results are presented of a study undertaken by CSI Montedison and Milani Resine of the separation of individual polymers from mixed plasties waste using gravimetric and solvent teehniques. 

Effect of Na-alginate and bead diameter on lactic acid production from pineapple waste using immobilized Lactobacillus delbrueckii ATCC 9646... 

In a previous publication (1) we reported that the pretreatment of fresh fhiit waste using microwave heating ensured a better extraction of pectin, resulting in an increase in the yield of pectin from 10 to 50 %. It was established that this microwave pretreatment ensured retention of the degree of esterification of the extracted pectin, better expressed in citrus peels... 

Sometimes it is impossible to effectively design out waste, and safe means have to be found to dispose of it. Many industrial processes produce relatively high levels of waste in a finely divided or dispersed form, such as ash, contaminated soil, treatment sludges, and so forth. This contaminated material is difficult to handle and process. A common approach to tackling this problem is to stabihse and sohdify the waste using a binder that immobilises contaminants within a hard matrix. This does not destroy the contaminants, but keeps them from moving into the surroimding environment. 

Wastes used as an ingredient. If a material is directly used as an ingredient in a production process without first being reclaimed, then that material is not a solid waste. 

Waste used in a manner constituting disposal. Use constituting disposal is the direct placement of wastes or products containing wastes (e.g., asphalt with petroleum-refining wastes as an ingredient) on the land. 

There are five regulatory exemptions from the derived-from rule. The first of these derived-from rule exemptions applies to materials that are reclaimed from hazardous wastes and used beneficially. Many listed and characteristic hazardous wastes can be recycled to make new products or be processed to recover useable materials with economic value. Such products derived from recycled hazardous wastes are no longer solid wastes. Using the hazardous waste identification process discussed at the beginning of this chapter, if the materials are not solid wastes, then whether they are derived from listed wastes or whether they exhibit hazardous characteristics is irrelevant. A U.S. EPA module10 explains which residues derived from hazardous wastes cease to be wastes and qualify for this exemption. 

Salim OM, Mahir I, Mahmut Bayramo glu (2005) Leaching of silver from solid waste using ultrasound assisted thiourea method. Ultrason Sonochem 12(3) 237-242... 

The experience collected with hazardous compounds in waste shall be compared with the problem of scarce resources in waste using well-known examples. The comparison must be extended to other phases of the life cycle of products, because waste management is only a part of substance chain management. The instruments used for the management of hazardous chemicals will be analyzed using some examples to answer the question if they could also be useful for scarce resources. 

Major e-waste importing countries have laws restricting hazardous waste imports. The policies of developed countries in this area have served as models for official policies in the developing world. Developing countries, however, harbor in their economies an entrenched sector, in several respects honed to a high degree of efficiency, whose profitability depends on the retrieval of material from e-waste using methods harmful to the environment. 

Kiener-Goldshofe A process for pyrolyzing solid wastes, used in Germany. 

P.O. Cote, T. R. Bridle and D.P. Hamilton, "Evaluation of Pollutant Release from Solidified Aqueous Waste Using a Dynamic Leaching Test", Hazardous Waste and Environmental Emergencies, Houston TX, 1984. 

The effect of dehydrating the digested waste using solar energy is investigated with respect to the stability of the ammonia compounds and the reduction of odour with the aim of producing an agriculturally valuable product. 

A Semivolatile Organic Compounds (PAHs and PCBs) in Soils/Sludges and Solid Wastes using Thermal Extrac-... 

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