Ammonia chemical compounds producing from

Table 12.1 Main Chemical Compounds Produced From Ammonia as a Basic Reactant Basic Compounds Processes Catalysts End Products...

As mentioned in Chapter 2, methane is a one-carhon paraffinic hydrocarbon that is not very reactive under normal conditions. Only a few chemicals can he produced directly from methane under relatively severe conditions. Chlorination of methane is only possible by thermal or photochemical initiation. Methane can be partially oxidized with a limited amount of oxygen or in presence of steam to a synthesis gas mixture. Many chemicals can be produced from methane via the more reactive synthesis gas mixture. Synthesis gas is the precursor for two major chemicals, ammonia and methanol. Both compounds are the hosts for many important petrochemical products. Figure 5-1 shows the important chemicals based on methane, synthesis gas, methanol, and ammonia. ... 

The two major chemicals based on synthesis gas are ammonia and methanol. Each compound is a precursor for many other chemicals. From ammonia, urea, nitric acid, hydrazine, acrylonitrile, methylamines and many other minor chemicals are produced (see Figure 5-1). Each of these chemicals is also a precursor of more chemicals. 

Careful inspection of the reported photocatalytic reactions may demonstrate that reaction products can not be classified, in many cases, into the two above categories, oxidation and reduction of starting materials. For example, photoirradiation onto an aqueous suspension of platinum-loaded Ti02 converts primary alkylamines into secondary amines and ammonia, both of which are not redox products.34) ln.a similar manner, cyclic secondary amines, e.g., piperidine, are produced from a,co-diamines.34) Along this line, trials of synthesis of cyclic imino acids such as proline or pipecolinic acid (PCA) from a-amino acids, ornithine or lysine (Lys), have beer. successfuL35) Since optically pure L-isomer of a-amino acids are available in low cost, their conversion into optically active products is one of the most important and practical chemical routes for the synthesis of chiral compounds. It should be noted that l- and racemic PCA s are obtained from L-Lys by Ti02 and CdS photocatalyst, respectively. This will be discussed later in relation to the reaction mechanism. 

The industrial use of ammonia is around 15%. Actually every nitrogen atom in industrially produced chemical compounds comes directly or indirectly from ammonia. An important use of the ammonia nitrogen, partly after conversion to nitric acid, is the production of plastics and fibers, such as polyamides, urea-formaldehyde-phenol resins, melamine-based resins, polyurethanes, and polyacrylonitrile. 

N<)tcihaiproton-lransferreactionsgivelht(MII I I) ion whereas the hydride transfer produces an ion with a mass one less than the analyte, or the (MI I I) ion. With some compounds, an (MIT f 29) peak is also produced from transfer of a C, I h ion to Ihe analyte. A variety of other reagents, including propane, isobutanc, and ammonia, are used for chemical ionization. Fach produces a somewhat differeiii spectrum with a given analyle. 

Presently, hydrogen is mostly being produced from fossil fuels (natural gas, oil, and coal). Hydrogen is used in refineries to upgrade crude oil (hydro treating and hydro cracking), in the chemical industry to synthesize various chemical compounds (such as ammonia, methanol), and in metallurgical processes (as a reduction or protection gas). 

The production of reduced products like methane and ammonia by the gut microbial flora has important environmental consequences, as such compounds contribute to the chemical and biological oxygen demand. The detection of dissolved oxygen in the gut of piglets led to tests to show whether methane and other reduced products could be oxidized in the pig gut. The production of C-labelledCOj from C-labelledmethane has been demonstrated however, it is calculated that at most only a very small proportion of methane produced is likely to be oxidized using O 2 as electron acceptor. Methane may also be oxidized anaerobically, but only an extremely small amount of methane is likely to... 

The production of nitrogen fertilizers is a major activity of the chemical industry. Every year, the top 15 chemicals in industrial production in the United States include several nitrogen-containing compounds whose major use is in fertilizers. Molecular nitrogen serves as the primary source of nitrogen for chemical production. Gaseous ammonia (NH3), which is synthesized from N2 and H2, can be injected directly into the ground, where it dissolves in moisture in the soil and serves as a fertilizer. Ammonia is more widely used in reactions with acids to produce other fertilizers Ammonia and nitric acid produce ammonium nitrate (NIL) NO3), while ammonia and sulfuric acid produce ammonium sulfate. These chemicals and urea,... 

All compounds, from the simple ones such as water and ammonia to the most complex, are held together by chemical bonds. All chemical bonds—from purely covalent to strongly ionic—act the way they do because of the nature of the atoms that form the bonds. Our knowledge of those atoms is at the heart of the science of chemistry. Understanding Richard Feynmans little particles has enabled mankind to manage the natural world to suit its needs. Feynman was undoubtedly correct when he said that the atomic hypothesis (or the atomic fact, or whatever you wish to call it) is the most concise and important summary of scientific knowledge produced by mankind. And it is crucial that every generation passes it on to the next. 

---