Polyglycol ethers

Unlike many other borohydrides, lithium borohydride is highly soluble ia ethers including aUphatic ethers, THF, an d polyglycol ethers. It is also very soluble ia amines and ammonia. Dissolution ia water and lower aUphatic alcohols leads to extensive decomposition and hydrogen evolution. 

Polyglycol ethers. See Glycol, Monophenyl-ether of and Glycol, Tertiary ethers of in Vol 6, G116... 

Gerhardt et al. [34] described three possible ways to prepare alkylphenol-polyglycol ether carboxylates, namely, the method with NaOH and SMCA, the method by oxidation by means of oxygen, and the method whereby the nonionic reacts with acrylonitrile followed by hydrolyses with hydrochloric acid. The synthesis with acrylonitrile forms in contrast to the other two methods, carboxyethylated compounds with the general formula... 

A fatty acid soap in which a polyglycol ether group has been introduced between the fatty chain and the carboxylic group, which transforms some unfavorable properties of soaps into positive characteristics without decreasing the overall positive effects, and... 

With ether carboxylates the above-mentioned problems do not arise due to the polyglycol ether group in the molecule. Therefore ether carboxylates show good hard water stability as well as good detergent and foam properties in hard water. It is even possible to disperse lime soaps [61,62,64]. However, the ether carboxylates have the same creamy foaming properties as soap. 

Also attributable to the polyglycol ether group between the fatty chain and the carboxylic group, the ether carboxylates have very mild dermatological properties, so that they have applications in mild cosmetics and household products [10,57,61,62,64,67-72]. 

TABLE 12 Influence of the Ethoxylation Degree on the Eye Irritation (Draize test) of Sodium Lauryl Polyglycol Ether Carboxylates [R0(CH2CH20)xCH2C00Na]... 

Emulsion breakers are made from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid copolymerized with hydrophilic monomers [148]. The acid groups of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are oxalkylated by a mixture of polyglycols and polyglycol ethers to provide free hydroxy groups on the molecule. The copolymers are made by a conventional method, for example, by free radical copolymerization in solution, emulsion, or suspension. The oxalkylation is performed in the presence of an acid catalyst, the acid being neutralized by an amine when the reaction is complete. 

Stabilizing agents are used to maintain drilling fluid rheological properties at highly elevated downhole temperatures. Chromium and chromium-free lignosulfonates, polyglycol ethers, sodium polystyrene sulfonate-co-maleic anhydride), and a melanin polymer have been used in this application. Additives such as sodium diethyldi-thiocarbamate have been used to stabilize aqueous polysaccharides such as xanthan gum (18). 

Trathnigg, B., Rappel, C., Rami, R., Gorbunov, A. (2002b). Liquid exclusion-adsorption chromatography a new technique for isocratic separation of non-ionic surfactants V. Two-dimensional separation of fatty acid polyglycol ethers. J. Chromatogr. A 953(1-2), 89-99. 

For the assay of uric acid, a sensor based on KMn04-octylphenyl polyglycol ether is proposed [88], Uric acid can be assayed directly in urine in the 0.10— 600- ag/mL concentration range with a detection limit of 55 ng/mL. The system is free of interferences. 

Secondary alkane-sulfonates (SAS) Alkylphenol polyglycol ethers, Imidazolinium Salts ... 

From the various emulsifiers examined, an anionic emulsifier from the sulphonic acid group of polyglycol-ether of fatty alcohol and alkylphenol-polyglycol esters was used. The best results were achieved with the use of alkylphenol-polyglycol ester (Berol EMU27). 

FIA-MS overview spectra in the APCI(-) and ESI(—) mode proved that the AES blend examined, contained two mixtures of homologues with Ci2 and C14 alkyl chains (Fig. 2.11.7(a)). FIA-MS(—) spectra confirmed that, in addition to AES compounds, the ASs precursor compounds with n = 12 and 14 and x = 0 (mJz 265 and 293) were also present. In the AES molecules, the Ci2 and C14 alkyl chains were coupled with ethoxy chains that could be ionised to a quite different extent. While APCI(—) ionised AESs up to 14 or 9 polyglycol ether units for the Ci2 and C14 homologues, respectively, ESI(—) ionised AESs up to 6 or 4 PEG units, all equally spaced by Am/z 44 (cf. Table 2.11.1). 

Unsatisfactory against aldehydes, aromatic amines, esters, ethers, ketones, polyglycol ethers, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, insecticides, essential oils Possible for special grades... 

Patent Number US 5905098 A 19990518 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENIC FOAM WITH ATMOSPHERIC GASES AND POLYGLYCOLS OR POLYGLYCOL ETHERS Wilkes G R Dunbar H A Bly K A Uhl E R Tenneco Protective Packaging Inc. 

Polyglycols or polyglycol ethers, which have gas absorption properties and exhibit a plasticising effect in... 

Dionic OC Fatty acid methanol amide polyglycol ether Hul s... 

Marli pals Fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers Huls... 

Carbon dioxide removal by reactive absorption in amine solutions is also applied on the commercial scale, for instance, in the treatment of flue gas (see later in this chapter). Another possible application field of the technique is gas desulfurization, in which H2S is removed and converted to sulfur by means of reactive absorption. Aqueous solutions of ferric chelates (160-162) as well as tetramethylene sulfone, pyridine, quinoline, and polyglycol ether solutions of S02 (163,164) have been proposed as solvents. Reactive absorption can also be used for NOx reduction and removal from flue or exhaust gases (165,166). The separation of light olefins and paraffins by means of a reversible chemical com-plexation of olefins with Ag(I) or Cu(I) compounds in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions is another very interesting example of reactive absorption, one that could possibly replace the conventional cryogenic distillation technology (167). 

To improve the long-term stability of the common nickel oxide anodes, surfactants, such as substituted polyglycol ethers, are added to the electrolyte 291). Merck has proposed a combined process (in which about 80 % of the diacetonesorbose are oxidized electrochemically, and the remainder conventionally 292)) and a special procedure for the work-up procedure by electrodialysis (removal of the unconverted diacetonesorbose 293)). It is said that Merck is using the electrosynthesis of diacetoneketogulonic acid for the industrial production of vitamin C. 

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