Ammonium Sulfite

In an alternative industrial process, resorcinol [108-46-3] is autoclaved with ammonia for 2—6 h at 200—230°C under a pressurized nitrogen atmosphere, 2.2—3.5 MPa (22—35 atm). Diammonium phosphate, ammonium molybdate, ammonium sulfite, or arsenic pentoxide maybe used as a catalyst to give yields of 60—94% with 85—90% selectivity for 3-aminophenol (67,68). A vapor-phase system operating at 320°C using a siUcon dioxide catalyst impregnated with gallium sesquioxide gives a 26—31% conversion of resorcinol with a 96—99% selectivity for 3-aminophenol (69). 

Ammonia Hquor is fed to the top of the stiH and heated using steam vapor which dissociates the unstable ammonium salts, eg, ammonium carbonate and ammonium sulfite. 

Ammonium Sulfite—Sodium Chloride Process. Ammonium chloride has been produced by the reaction of ammonium sulfite [10196-04-0] NH SO, and sodium chloride ia a large Canadian plant (14). Ammonium sulfite is never actually isolated, rather ammonia and sulfur dioxide react ia water with sodium chloride. 

The anaerobic reaction of sulfur dioxide with aqueous ammonia produces a solution of ammonium sulfite [10192-30-0]. This reaction proceeds efficientiy, even with a gas stream containing as Httie as 1 wt % sulfur dioxide. The sulfur dioxide can be regenerated at a high concentration by acidulation or by stream stripping of the ammonium sulfite solution, or the sulfite can be made to precipitate and the ammonia recovered by addition of lime (243). The process can also be modified to produce ammonium sulfate for use as fertili2er (244) (see Fertilizers). In a variant of this process, the use of electron-beam radiation cataly2es the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the presence of ammonia to form ammonium sulfate (245). 

Manufacture. Ammonium thiosulfate has been produced by the reaction of ammonium sulfite with sulfur, sulfides, or polysulfides ... 

Other commercial processes are based on the direct reaction of ammonium sulfite and sulfur (64,65). 

Both batch and continuous processes employ excess sulfur and operate at 85—110°C. Trace amounts of polysulftdes produce a yellow color which iadicates that all the ammonium sulfite has been consumed. Ammonium bisulfite is added to convert the last polysulfide to thiosulfate and the excess ammonia to ammonium sulfite. Concentrations of at least 70% (NH 2S2 3 obtained without evaporation. Excess sulfur is removed by filtration and color is improved with activated carbon treatment or sodium siUcate (66). Upon cooling the aqueous concentrated solution, ammonium thiosulfate crystallines. 

In the dual or double alkaU process, an alkaU salt that is considerably more soluble ia water than limestone is used. The alkaU salt is then regenerated usiag a second alkaU, CaCO. There are several alkaUes used ia the absorber the most common are magnesium sulfite, sodium sulfite, and ammonium sulfite. A typical process usiag magnesium sulfite iSjAbsorption... 

On molybdenum sulfate roasting, downstream of a scrubber, to remove ammonium sulfite and sulfate aerosols which form in the ammonia scrubbing stage, and SO2,... 

The oxidation of m-xylene produces isophthalic acid. The reaction occurs in the liquid-phase in presence of ammonium sulfite ... 

Phosphorous Trioxide (Diphosphorus trioxide). P203, mw 109.95, transparent monocl crysts, mp 23.8°, bp 173.1° in nitrogen atm, d 2.135 g/cc. Exists as P406 when in vapor phase or in benz soln. Disproportio nates into red P and P204 when heated above 210°. Sol in benz and C disulfide. When placed in cold w, H3PC>3 is formed. Prepd by treating PCI 3 with tetramethyl ammonium sulfite in liq S02 > or from the elements (Ref 6). It is highly toxic (Ref 7)... 

Pollutants Segment A Calcium, Magnesium, and Sodium Sulfite Segment B Ammonium Sulfite ... 

Corrosion inhibitors are used to reduce the corrosion of surface equipment, surface casing, and the drill string by drilling and well treatment fluids. Many different corrosion inhibitors have been used. These include amine salts such as ammonium sulfite -bisulfite blends, zinc carbonate, zinc chromate, hydrated lime, fatty amine salts of alkylphosphates, cationic polar amines, ethoxylated amines, and tertiary cyclic amines. Commercial products are usually proprietary blends of chemicals. 

Taurine is generally prepared from ox bile1 or the large muscle of the abalone.2 It has been synthesized from isethionic add through chloroethanesulfonic acid followed by the action of aqueous ammonia 3 from ethyleneimine and sulfur dioxide 4 from 2-mercaptothiazoline by oxidation with bromine water 5 from bromoethylamine and ammonium sulfite 6 and from acetaldehyde by a complex set of reactions involving sulfonation, formation of the aldehyde ammonia and the imido sulfonic add and finally reduction.7 The method given in the procedure has recently appeared in the literature.8 9... 

ATS [Ammonium thiosulfate] A process for removing residual sulfur dioxide from Claus tail gas by absorption in aqueous ammonia to produce ammonium sulfite and bisulfite. Addition of hydrogen sulfide from the Claus unit produces saleable ammonium thiosulfate. Developed by the Pritchard Corporation and first operated by the Colorado Interstate Gas Company at Table Rock, WY. 

Cominco [Consolidated Mining Smelting Company] A process for absorbing sulfur dioxide from smelting operations. The sulfur dioxide is absorbed in an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfite regeneration is by acidification with sulfuric acid. The ammonium sulfate byproduct is sold. Operated at the Cominco smelter at Trail, Canada, and at other smelters and sulfuric acid plants in the United States. Licensed by the Olin Mathieson Corporation. The name has been applied also to a lead extraction process. 

Various catalysts have been used, including activated carbon, bauxite, and bimetallic oxides. The sulfur dioxide is then absorbed in a solution of ammonium sulfite and bisulfite acidula-tion of this yields ammonium sulfate and elemental sulfur. 

Transformation of P-naphthols to P-naphthylamines using ammonium sulfite. 

Exchange of the 5-H of uridine (72, Ri = H, Rg = OH, R3 = H, X = 0) in slightly basic D2O at 60° using 2-mercaptoethylamine as base has been reported. Similar exchange was also observed in deoxyuridine (72, Ri=R2 = Rs = H, X = 0) and uridine monophosphate (72, Ri = H, R2 = OH, R3 = PO3H2, X = 0), and a probable mechanism involves a Michael 1,4-addition across the double bond followed by a tautomeric shift and then elimination of the C-5 hydrogen and the nucleophile. Exchange of the 6-H or uridine in the presence of ammonium sulfite at 37° proceeds best at pH 9. The mechanism involves deprotonation of the bisulfite-uridine complex by the ammonia or added amines. ... 

When heated over 100°C, it decomposes to ammonium sulfite and sulfur ... 

Subsequently, Carson et al. (1995) and Neubauer et al. (1996, 1997) reported the ability to provide specia-tion of some aerosol components such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfite, and methanesulfonic acid through control of the ionizing laser pulse energy, and Reents et al. (1995) showed that parent peaks could be obtained even for components such as Si02 that are difficult to ionize. Hinz et al. (1996) reported the simultaneous detection of both positive and negative ions produced by laser ionization of a single particle using a dual TOF system. 

Ammonium Oxalate Ammonium Oxalate Hydrate Ammonium Pentaborate Ammonium Pentaborate Tetrahydrate Ammonium Pentachlorozincate Ammonium Perchlorate Ammonium Peroxydisulfate Ammonium Persulfate Ammonium Phosphate Ammonium Phosphate, Dibasic Ammonium Rhodanate Ammonium Rhodanide Ammonium Silicofluoride Ammonium Stearate Ammonium Sulfamate Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Sulfhydrate Solution Ammonium Sulfide Ammonium Sulfide Solution Ammonium Sulfite Ammonium Sulfocyanate Ammonium Sulfocyanide Ammonium Tartrate Ammonium Thiocyanate Ammonium Thiosulfate Ammonium Zinc Chloride Amorphous Phosphorus AMS... 

Anonymous. Final report on the safety assessment of sodium sulfite, potassium sulfite, ammonium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, ammonium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite and potassium metabisulfite. Int J Toxicol 2003 22(suppl 2) 63. 

---