Alloys based

A series of nickel—chromium—iron alloys based on the soHd solution Inconel 600 alloy (see Table 4) was developed, initially depending on aluminum ... 

Typically, reactors require some type of catalyst. Reactors with catalyst can be of the fixed-bed style for fiuid-bed types. Fixed-bed reactors are the most common. The feed often enters the reactor at an elevated temperature and pressure. The reaction mixtures are often corrosive to carbon steel and require some type of stainless steel alloy or an alloy liner for protection. If the vessel wall is less than 6 mm, the vessel is constmcted of all alloy if alloy is provided. Thicker reactor walls can be fabricated with a stainless overlay over a carbon steel or other lower alloy base steel at less cost than an all-alloy wall constmction. 

This family includes alloys based on transition metals, such as nickel, iron, cobalt, and palladium. ... 

The first carbonitride alloys based on Ti(C,N)—Ni—Mo were iatroduced ia 1970 foUowed by (Ti, Mo)(C,N)-based compositions having fine microstmctures that provided a balance of wear resistance and toughness (4). Continued research on the titanium carbonitride alloys, often called TiC—TiN cermets, ia the 1980s led to the developmeat of complex cermets having a variety of additives such as molybdeaum carbide(2 l) [12069-89-5] M02C, TaC, NbC, zirconium carbide [12020-14-3], ZrC, hafnium carbide [12069-85-1], HfC, WC, vanadium carbide [12070-10-9], VC, chromium carbide (3 2)... 

Lighter Flints and Getters. Traditionally the item most widely associated with cerium has been the pyrophoric iron-mischmetal (- 0%) alloy for lighter flints, in limited use in the 1990s. Similar low vapor pressure reactive alloys based on cerium, such as Th2Al-MM, can also be used as getters for electronic equipment and vacuum tubes (see Electronic materials Vacuumtechnology). 

When freshly mixed, the carboxyHc acid groups convert to carboxjiates, which seems to signify chemical adhesion mainly via the calcium of the hydroxyapatite phase of tooth stmcture (32,34—39). The adhesion to dentin is reduced because there is less mineral available in this substrate, but bonding can be enhanced by the use of minerali2ing solutions (35—38). Polycarboxylate cement also adheres to stainless steel and clean alloys based on multivalent metals, but not to dental porcelain, resin-based materials, or gold alloys (28,40). It has been shown that basic calcium phosphate powders, eg, tetracalcium phosphate [1306-01-0], Ca4(P0 20, can be substituted for 2inc oxide to form strong, hydrolytically stable cements from aqueous solution of polyacids (41,42). 

Alloys based on Ag—Pd have been used for a number of years and are available from most gold alloy manufacturers (148). The palladium content is 22—50 wt % silver content is from 35 to 66 wt %. Minor amounts of Zn, In, or Sn are often present to increase fluidity. Both In and Sn form intermetaUic compounds with both Pd and Ag and, therefore, some of the commercial alloys are susceptible to age hardening (149). These alloys are somewhat difficult to fabricate and require meticulous processing. They may also produce a greenish discoloration when they are fused with porcelain veneers. Nevertheless, clinical experience generally has been satisfactory, and cost is the primary criterion for use. 

Table 10.2 shows that alloys based on aluminium, magnesium and titanium may have better stiffness/weight and strength/weight ratios than steel. Not only that they... 

Selecting the core material is the first issue to be addressed. All core materials are alloys based on ferrite. The major factor in a material s worthiness is its loss at the frequency of operation and the flux density of the application. A good place to start is with the materials the core manufacturer s themselves recommend for PWM switching power supplies and those that are commonly used by the designers in the field (see Table D-f). 

Cottrell, A.H., 1996, Point defects in Al-Ni-Cu alloys based on the NiAl phase, Intermetallics, 4 1 Leapman, R.D., and Silcox, J.,1979, Orientation dependence of core edges in electron energy loss spectra from anysotropic materials, Phys. Rev. Lett., 42 1361. 

R.W Cahn, Antiphase domains, disordered films and the ductility of ordered alloys based on Ni3 Al, Mai. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 81 27 (1987)... 

Other more complex alloys based on the nickel-chromium system are the... 

An interesting example of judicious choice of braze filler is to be found in the selection of silver alloys for the brazing of stainless steels to be subsequently used in a tap-water environment . Although the brazed joint may appear to be quite satisfactory, after a relatively short exposure period failure of the joint occurs by a mechanism which appears to be due to the break-down of the bond between the filler and the base metal. Dezincifica-tion is a prominent feature of the phenomenon and zinc-free braze alloys based on the Ag-Cu system with the addition of nickel and tin have been found to inhibit this form of attack. A similar result is obtained by electroplating 0-007 mm of nickel over the joint area prior to brazing with a more conventional Ag-Cu-Zn-Cd alloy. 

Brazing is generally considered unsuitable for equipment exposed to ammonia and various ammoniacal solutions because of the aggressiveness of ammonia to copper- and nickel-base alloys, but recently an alloy based... 

With industry proving to be so conservative about binary alloys it is hardly surprising that ternary alloys receive little attention. Nevertheless, two ternary alloys at least have become commercially available iron-chromium-nickel (so-called stainless steel) for both functional and domestic markets and an electronic connector and solderable alloy based on copper-zinc-tin. 

Superalloys high temperature creep-resisting alloys based on Ni, Co, and including (here) the Nimonic series. 

A number of cold-rolled alloys based on aluminium, copper and zinc are susceptible in varying degrees to recrystallisation on exposure to heat. This can have a detrimental effect on the adhesion of paint films. While there may, at first, be no sign of trouble, the defect will become obvious by brittleness of the film after some storage time has elapsed. 

Galvanic Series a list of metals and alloys based on their relative potentials in a given specified environment, usually sea water. 

We have already mentioned some of the important roles that the d-block metals play in virtually every aspect of our lives. Steel, an alloy based on iron, is important in construction and transportation and the nonferrous alloys, those based on other metals—most notably, copper—are also important in industry, for their corrosion resistance and strength. Some of these alloys are also desired for their magnetic properties. 

We have found new CO-tolerant catalysts by alloying Pt with a second, nonprecious, metal (Pt-Fe, Pt-Co, Pt-Ni, etc.) [Fujino, 1996 Watanabe et al., 1999 Igarashi et al., 2001]. In this section, we demonstrate the properties of these new alloy catalysts together with Pt-Ru alloy, based on voltammetric measurements, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). 

The alloys are often classified according to different criteria. One convenient classification is based on the most characteristic method used for shaping alloy-based objects. Examples are cast alloys and wrought alloys. Cast alloys, such as cast bronze, cast brass, and cast iron, are generally... 

Damle, A.S., J. Schwartz, and P. Apte, Palladium-alloy based Membrane Reactor Process for Hydrogen Generation, Proceedings of2005 Fuel Cell Seminar, Palm Springs, CA, November 2005. 

Damle, A.S., C. Richardson, C. Love, T. Powers, and J. Aquaviva, High performance palladium-alloy based composite membranes for hydrogen production, 2007 NHA Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, March 2007. 

The study of local or long-range ordering in semiconductor alloys based upon the effects on NQCCs has been carried out in a number of cases. These studies are analogous to the study of ordering in In Ga P by means of the chemical shift interaction, as described in Sect. 3.3.1. 

Recently, Whitesides et al. [88, 164, 165] have replaced Hg with an In/Ga eutectic alloy (E-Gain) (Fig. 5c). In/Ga alloy-based electrodes present few advantages related to (1) the lower affinity for the bottom Au or Ag electrode, so that the junction can be assembled in air, (2) low toxicity and (3) good processability and mouldability. These characteristics indicate E-Gain electrodes as possible candidates for incorporation into functional devices. Some disadvantages are related to the surface of the In/Ga alloy (1) unlike Hg, it is not atomically flat and (2) it forms in few minutes a discontinuous layer of oxide [81]. 

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