Yield cobalt-based alloys

Use of CRA is competitive with inhibition in deep, high-pressure wells, particularly in those locations where inhibitor supply may be a space and logistic problem. CRA includes stainless steels (austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex), nickel-based alloys, cobalt-based alloys, and titanium alloys. Economics is a major factor in alloy selection. The 13 Cr tubing has often been used in gas wells for low H2S wells. Tubing materials selection for a deep well could involve price increments between alloys of 1 to 3 million. High-strength CRA is used to minimize costs. SMYS values of 150 ksi (1000 MPa) are common. The CRA is often cold-worked to achieve the required yield strength. 

The aromatic C-F bond in 4-fluorobenzoic acid (13) is readily hydrogenolyzed to yield benzoic acid (14) by Raney nickel or cobalt alloys and alkali,117 while the same bond resists hydrogenolysis over palladium on calcium carbonate in the presence of a base.118... 

Following the intense work on the carbonylation reaction during the 1920s by BASF and British Celanese [1], Reppe and his research group discovered that cobalt diiodide operating at 680 bar and 250 °C catalyzes this reaction [2, 3]. But it was necessary to solve harsh corrosion problems, until 1950, when highly resistant molybdenum/nickel alloys (whose trademark is Hastelloy ) were discovered and commercialized [1]. The process developed by BASF in 1960 was not selective as the yield in acetic acid was 90% based on methanol and 70% based on CO [4] due to the large amounts of CO2 coproduced by the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction (Eq. 20.2). 

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