Pb-based alloys

These Pb-base alloys also contain from ... 

The physical properties of many metals render them unsuitable for fabrication and engineering purposes. By combining two or more metals, or metals with non-metals, one can form alloys with enhanced properties such as strength, malleability, ductility, hardness or resistance to corrosion. For example, adding Sn to Pb gives Pb-based alloys with applications as solders by varying the Pb Sn ratio, the melting point of the solder can be modihed and tailored to the needs of particular applications. 

The other negative electrode materials mainly include Al-based alloys, Pb-based alloys, and its oxides. Of course, Li metal can also be used as a negative electrode. However, the lithium metal rechargeable battery will not be discussed here, although great progress has been made, especially with the inhibition of lithium dendrite formation. 

Potential and Volume Change of Some Pb-Based Alloys... 

A simple, rapid and seleetive eleetroehemieal method is proposed as a novel and powerful analytieal teehnique for the solid phase determination of less than 4% antimony in lead-antimony alloys without any separation and ehemieal pretreatment. The proposed method is based on the surfaee antimony oxidation of Pb/Sb alloy to Sb(III) at the thin oxide layer of PbSOyPbO that is formed by oxidation of Pb and using linear sweep voltammetrie (LSV) teehnique. Determination was earried out in eoneentrate H SO solution. The influenee of reagent eoneentration and variable parameters was studied. The method has deteetion limit of 0.056% and maximum relative standard deviation of 4.26%. This method was applied for the determination of Sb in lead/aeid battery grids satisfaetory. 

Of the weldability problems, nickel and nickel-based alloys are particularly prone to solidification porosity, especially if nitrogen is present in the arc atmosphere, but this may be controlled by ensuring the presence of titanium as a denitrider in the filler and maintaining, a short arc length. The other problem that may be encountered is hot cracking, particularly in alloys containing Cr, Si, Ti, Al, B, Zr, S, Pb and P. 

Trace amounts of Zn, Pb and Bi (2-200 ppm) in Fe and Ni based alloys were separated by anion-exchange chromatography ). 

Atomic fluorescence spectrometry may be the most sensitive of the four techniques — particularly with laser assistance it has rarely been used with solid or slurry sampling and largely for determinations of metals in biological fluids, urine [105-107] and blood [106-110], Typical examples of solid sampling with this technique include the determination of Li in lithium oxalate [111], Ti in electrothermal atomizers [112], Pb and T1 in nickel-based alloys [113], and Co in high-purity tin [114],... 

Procedures for Pb-Na alloys suitable for synthesizing the tetramethyl- and tetraethyllead antiknock compounds on a large scale are based on the same principles as the laboratory methods but are adapted to handling large amounts" and to obtaining material with proper surface area, gross structure of the alloy, etc.. ... 

PbS + M0S2 bonded with B2O2 on case-hardened nickel-base alloy. Ill CaF2 on nickel-base alloy. IV M0S2 graphite bonded... 

The solubility of aluminium in lead depends on temperature. Figure 4.31 illustrates this dependence based on data from Ref. [36]. In order to sustain the A1 content in the Pb—Ca alloy above 0.03 wt%, the temperature of the melt should be kept above 500 °C. At lower temperatures part of the A1 will be precipitated on the walls of the molten metal delivery system and Ca would remain unprotected from oxidation. 

Alloys are usually dissolved in acid mixtures for example hydrochloric acid plus a little nitric acid is used for Cu-, Pb-, Sn-, Zn-, A1-, and Mg-based alloys. Alkaline or acid fusion is used for refractory metals. Complexing agents and then depolarizers are added, and finally the pH is adjusted. 

Ma Y, Balbuena PB (2008) Kinetic model of surface segregation in Pt-based alloys. J Chem Theory Comput4(12) 1991-1995... 

Ma YG, Balbuena PB (2010) Role of iridium in Pt-based alloy catalysts for the ORR surface adsorption and stabilization studies. J Electrochem Soc 157(6) B959-B963... 

Gu Z, Balbuena PB (2008) Atomic oxygen absorption into Pt-based alloy subsurfaces. J Phys ChemC 112 5057-5065... 

Callejas-Tovar R, Liao W, Martinez JM, Balbuena PB (2012) Modeling oxidation of Pt-based alloy surfaces for fuel cell cathode electrocatalysts. In Spivey JJ, Gupta M (eds) Royal Society of Chemistry Catalysis Series, vol 24. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp... 

Vanadium, niobium, tantalum and molybdenum and their alloys have demonstrated good corrosion resistance in liquid Pb-Li [8]. These materials have dissolution rates in the range 0.001 to 0.004 g/m /day at 645 C [8], which is far superior to the performance of Fe-based alloys. However, the cost associated with many of these materials would make their application impractical for a full-scale reactor. 

Table 3.1-283 Composition and mechanical properties of ASTM B23 Pb-based white metal bearing alloys [1.299,308]...

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