Detrimental effect

The detrimental effect on environment is minimized and the equipments and facilities used are adequate for optimum utilization in all stages. 

The locations of the maxima of the -field and the E-field are different depending on the mode chosen for the EPR experuuent. It is desirable to design the cavity in such a way that the B field is perpendicular to the external field B, as required by the nature of the resonance condition. Ideally, the sample is located at a position of maxuuum B, because below saturation the signal-to-noise ratio is proportional to Simultaneously, the sample should be placed at a position where the E-field is a minimum in order to minimize dielectric power losses which have a detrimental effect on the signal-to-noise ratio. 

Acetone in conjunction with benzene as a solvent is widely employed. With cyclohexanone as the hydrogen acceptor, coupled with toluene or xylene as solvent, the use of higher reaction temperatures is possible and consequently the reaction time is considerably reduced furthermore, the excess of cyclohexanone can be easily separated from the reaction product by steam distillation. At least 0 25 mol of alkoxide per mol of alcohol is used however, since an excess of alkoxide has no detrimental effect 1 to 3 mols of aluminium alkoxide is recommended, particularly as water, either present in the reagents or formed during secondary reactions, will remove an equivalent quantity of the reagent. In the oxidation of steroids 50-200 mols of acetone or 10-20 mols of cyclohexanone are generally employed. 

Ozone s presence in the atmosphere (amounting to the equivalent of a layer 3 mm thick under ordinary pressures and temperatures) helps prevent harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth s surface. Pollutants in the atmosphere may have a detrimental effect on this ozone layer. Ozone is toxic and exposure should not exceed 0.2 mg/m (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour work week). Undiluted ozone has a bluish color. Liquid ozone is bluish black and solid ozone is violet-black. 

Parylene C was included among the eadiest MIL-I-46058 (51) qualified coatings (as type XY) and has since enjoyed a reputation for superior performance in protecting and preserving the operation of electronic circuits against the detrimental effects of their operating environments. 

Dyes, application and evaluation). Foi dyeing fibei blends such as viscose—polyamide, polyamide—Spandex, oi polyestei—cotton, only compatible FWAs may be used that do not inteifeie with one another oi have any detrimental effect on fastness properties. 

The detrimental effects of Si addition are (/) Si iacreases the yield strength and decreases the ductiHty of iron such that commercial-grade materials are limited to ca 4% Si, and (2) as shown ia Eigure 3, the saturation iaduction and Curie temperature are decreased with increasing siHcon content. 

Subchronic effects of overexposure have been studied in feeding tests of PPS powder at dietary levels of up to 5%. No detrimental effects in laboratory animals were observed (157). 

The 1-epi analogue of tobramycia (4) was slightly less active than the parent, but the 3-epi was almost iaactive (166). Epimerization at the 1-position had a more detrimental effect with kanamycin A (166,167). 

Cord materials such as nylon, polyester, and steel wire conventionally used in tires are twisted and therefore exhibit a nonlinear stress—strain relationship. The cord is twisted to provide reduced bending stiffness and achieve high fatigue performance for cord—mbber composite stmcture. The detrimental effect of cord twist is reduced tensile strength. Analytical studies on the deformation of twisted cords and steel wire cables are available (22,56—59). The tensile modulus E of the twisted cord having diameter D and pitchp is expressed as follows (60) ... 

Note that the maintenance of water quaUty and hence stream standards are not static, but subject to change with the municipal and industrial environment. For example, as the carbonaceous organic load is removed by treatment, the detrimental effect of nitrification in the receiving water increases. Eutrophication may also become a serious problem in some cases. These considerations require an upgrading of the required degree of treatment. 

In several cases, such as shellfish areas and aquatic reserves, the usual water quaUty parameters do not apply because they are nonspecific as to detrimental effects on aquatic life. Eor example, COD is an overall measure of organic content, but it does not differentiate between toxic and nontoxic organics. In these cases, a species diversity index has been employed as related to either free-floating or benthic organisms. The index indicates the overall condition to the aquatic environment. It is related to the number of species in the sample. The higher the species diversity index, the more productive the aquatic system. The species diversity index is computed by the equation K- = (S — 1)/logjg I, where S is the number of species and /the total number of individual organisms counted. 

Obtaining maximum performance from a seawater distillation unit requires minimising the detrimental effects of scale formation. The term scale describes deposits of calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, or calcium sulfate that can form ia the brine heater and the heat-recovery condensers. The carbonates and the hydroxide are conventionally called alkaline scales, and the sulfate, nonalkaline scale. The presence of bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions, the total concentration of which is referred to as the alkalinity of the seawater, leads to the alkaline scale formation. In seawater, the bicarbonate ions decompose to carbonate and hydroxide ions, giving most of the alkalinity. 

Demand for high performance SLI batteries has led to the development of smaller, lighter batteries that require less maintenance. The level of antimony is being decreased from the conventional 3—5% to 1.75—2.75% to minimise the detrimental effects. Lead alloys that contain no antimony have also been introduced. Hybrid batteries use a low antimony—lead alloy in the positive plate and a calcium—lead alloy in the negative plate. 

Another important factor affecting the electronic properties is the steric barrier to planarity along the polymer chain. Since polyheterocycles and polyarylenes must adopt a planar geometry in the ionized state to form quinoid-like segments, steric factors that limit the ability of the polymer to adopt geometries which are planar with respect to adjacent rings have a detrimental effect on the electronic properties (181). 

The hexagonal-close-packed (hep) metals generally exhibit mechanical properties intermediate between those of the fee and bcc metals. For example Zn encounters a ductile-to-brittle transition whereas Zr and pure Ti do not. The latter and their alloys with a hep structure remain reasonably ductile at low temperatures and have been used for many applications where weight reduction and reduced heat leakage through the material have been important. However, small impurities of O, N, H, and C can have a detrimental effect on the low temperature ductihty properties of Ti and its alloys. 

Another important property is alloy structural stability. This means freedom from formation of new phases or drastic rearrangement of those originally present within the metal structure as a result of thermal experience. Such changes may have a detrimental effect upon strength or corrosion resistance or both. 

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