Yield nickel-based alloys

Use of CRA is competitive with inhibition in deep, high-pressure wells, particularly in those locations where inhibitor supply may be a space and logistic problem. CRA includes stainless steels (austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex), nickel-based alloys, cobalt-based alloys, and titanium alloys. Economics is a major factor in alloy selection. The 13 Cr tubing has often been used in gas wells for low H2S wells. Tubing materials selection for a deep well could involve price increments between alloys of 1 to 3 million. High-strength CRA is used to minimize costs. SMYS values of 150 ksi (1000 MPa) are common. The CRA is often cold-worked to achieve the required yield strength. 

Alloy 718 is a precipitation-hardened, nickel-based alloy, designed to display exceptionally high yield, tensile, and creep rupture properties up to 1300°F... 

Shipment and. Storage, Sulfur monochloride is minimally corrosive to carbon steel and iron when dry. If it is necessary to avoid discoloration caused by iron sulfide formation or chloride stress cracking, 310 stainless steel should be used. Sulfur monochloride is shipped in tank cars, tank trucks, and steel drums. When wet, it behaves like hydrochloric acid and attacks steel, cast iron, aluminum, stainless steels, copper and copper alloys, and many nickel-based materials. Alloys of 62 Ni—28 Mo and 54 Ni—15 Cr—16 Mo are useful under these conditions. Under DOT HM-181 sulfur monochloride is classified as a Poison Inhalation Hazard (PIH) Zone B, as well as a Corrosive Material (DOT Hazard Class B). Shipment information is available (140). Uses, The reaction of S-CL with aromatic compounds can yield disulfides or mixtures of mono-, di-, and polysulfides. 

A more universal method of SpAs preparation is based on reduction of IcP bases (e.g., 2, 327 and 330) instead of the IcP quaternary salts mentioned above. The reduction was performed with nickel aluminium alloy or, better still, with a mixture of formic acid and triethylamine. In the latter case, reaction results in the formation of isolable 5-formyl SpAs derivatives (e.g., 554 and 555) readily hydrolyzed in hot hydrochloric acid to SpAs in 85-95% yield, unsubstituted (493) or substituted (556 and 557) at the ring nitrogen atoms. By this method, the previously unknown 2-aza-SpA 558 were prepared from l,2,3-triazolo[4,5-c]pyridine (2002ZOR440). 

The aromatic C-F bond in 4-fluorobenzoic acid (13) is readily hydrogenolyzed to yield benzoic acid (14) by Raney nickel or cobalt alloys and alkali,117 while the same bond resists hydrogenolysis over palladium on calcium carbonate in the presence of a base.118... 

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