Alkylating agents alkylation

Conventional alkylating agents (alkyl halides, sulfates, etc.) are rather rarely used in the synthesis of alkyl nitronates. This is associated with relatively low reactivity of these compounds which, combined with low thermal stability of nitronates (for more details, see Section 3.3.1.1), does not allow one to isolate target products in the individual state. 

Starting Alkylation Agent Alkylated Product Product 3 Ref... 

Alkylation with Alkanes. Alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons with alkanes, although possible, is more difficult than with other alkylating agents (alkyl halides, alkenes, alcohols, etc.).178 This is due to the unfavorable thermodynamics of the reaction in which hydrogen must be oxidatively removed. 

C-Alkylation of the sodio derivative is accomplished by a technique similar to the alkylation of malonic ester. Primary halogen compounds, quaternary ammonium salts,and an alkene oxide have been used as alkylating agents. Alkylation by secondary halides has been less successful. Hydrolysis of the substituted esters to acetylated amino acids is described for leucine (64%) and phenylalanine (83%). Hydrolysis with deacylation has been used to prepare histidine (45%) and phenylalanine (67%). Glutamic acid (75%) is obtained from substituted acylaminomalonates prepared by the Michael condensation of methyl acrylate and the acylated amino esters. ... 

When amides such as 33, unsubstituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen atom, are treated with base and an alkylating agent, alkylation takes place preferentially on the sulfonamide nitrogen to yield 34.31... 

Alkylating Agents. Alkylation of several groups with iodoacetic... 

Figure 8.4 DNA alkylation. Normally, DNA strands are joined by hydrogen bonds and other weak forces which allow separation during cell division. Bifunctional alkylating agents (alkylating group on both ends) covalently bind double stranded DNA together, preventing DNA transcription. Bifunctional alkylation is more toxic than single strand alkylation because it is less easily repaired.

Carcinogenic alkylating agents alkylate ehiefly guanine residues on the N7 atom. Some of the R.n.c. in tRNA are active cytokinins in the fi-ee state, e.g. N -(Y,Y-[Pg.586]

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation Reactions. Alcohols and alkyl halides react with aromatics in the presence of gallium triflate to give the corresponding alkylated products. Since Ga(OTf)3 does not decompose in the presence of water, alcohols can be used as good alkylating agents. Alkylation of benzene... 

DNA is a central target of all organisms, which can be affected by certain molecules (Figures 1 and 2). Some molecules can form covalent bonds with DNA bases, the so-called alkylating agents. Alkylating compounds often attach to the... 

Sulfur Mustard is an alkylating agent. Alkylating agents bind covalently to various nucleophilic molecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins and components of cell membranes. 

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