Naming Alcohols

The names of organic compounds have some system. Each functional group defines a family (for example, alcohols, amines) and a specific modifier is added to identify a particular example (for example, ethyl alcohol, ethyl amine). As an alternate naming system, the family may be named by a general identifying ending (for example, alcohol names end in -ol) and a particular example is indicated by an appropriate stem (ethyl alcohol would be ethanol). These naming systems are illustrated in Tables 18-1 and 18-11. 

Several authors suggested mechanisms for esterifications catalyzed by titanium tetraalk-oxides. Bolotina et al.16,221,2221 who studied the polyesterification of 2-ethylhexyl phtha-late with 2-ethylhexanol found the same reaction order with respect to catalyst, acid and alcohol, namely 1 they suggested the following rate-determining step ... 

Various other reducing methods are employed for the conversion of (3-nitro alcohols to amino alcohols, namely, electrochemical reduction.107 The selective electrohydrogenation of ni-troaliphatic and nitroaromatic groups in molecules containing other groups that are easy to hydrogenate (triple bond, nitrile, C-I) are carried out in methanol-water solutions at Devarda copper and Raney cobalt electrodes (Eq. 6.55).107... 

Another functionalized alcohol, namely 2-aziridineethanol (azol), reacted with diethylzinc to yield almost quantitatively the ethylzinc alkoxide EtZn(azol), which is trimeric in solution.216 The introduction of dry dioxygen into solutions of EtZn(azol) gave the peroxoethylzinc alkoxide EtOOZn(azol), which co-crystallized with EtZn(azol) in a 1 1 ratio as a face-sharing di- o-heterocube 150 (Figure 70). 

Alkyl Halides and Triflates to Alkanes. The normal requirements for conversion of alkyl halides (and triflates) to alkanes using organosilicon hydrides are essentially the same as those needed for the reduction of the corresponding alcohols, namely, the substrates must generally be able to serve as precursors to... 

As a result, two different peroxyl radicals take part in chain propagation in oxidized alcohol, namely, alkylhydroxyperoxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals. 

Organic acids retard the formation of nitroxyl radicals via the reaction of the peroxyl radical with the aminyl radical [10], Apparently, the formation of a hydrogen bond of the >N H0C(0)R type leads to the shielding of nitrogen, which precludes the addition of dioxygen to it, yielding the nitroxyl radical. Thus, the products of the oxidation of alcohols, namely, acids have an influence on the mechanism of the cyclic chain termination. 

Amylose complexes (wet precipitates) were prepared with fluoro-benzene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane, bromo-form, and ferf-butyl alcohol. The conformation and packing of the amylose chains complexed with halogen-substituted hydrocarbons are the same as found in the complex with tert-butyl alcohol, namely,... 

As you see later in this chapter in the section Uniting acids and alcohols to make esters, esters come from an alcohol and an acid. The name of an ester reflects this origin. The alcohol name appears first (as an alkyl), and the acid name comes second, with the suffix -ate replacing the -ic acid part of the acid name. Two examples of ester structures and names are in Figure 12-4. 

Long-cham polymers of ethylene oxide combined with a dihydric alcohol, namely polyoxyethylene glycol, ( Carbo-wax"). 

CNN.Com-Health. Alcohol Named Europe s Youth Killer. February 20,2001. deaths.alcohol/index.html>. 

Three inosamines were obtained in the course of efforts to synthesize myo-inositol by the nitro-sugar cyclization (see p. 142). However, the methods which have been the most productive of new inosamines are those which are well known as means of preparing amino sugars and aminopolyhydric alcohols, namely, reduction of imine derivatives of carbonyl compounds (in this case, inososes) and ammonolysis of halohydrins and epoxides. 

Steuer et al. demonstrated the use of supercritical fluid chromatography in the separation of enantiomers of 1,2 amino alcohols, namely pindolol, metoprolol, oxprenolol, propranolol, and DPT 201-106 using ionpairing modifiers [21]. The mobile phase consisted of carbon dioxide mixed with acetonitrile containing triethylamine as a counterion and /V-benzo-xycarbonylglycyl-L-proline as a chiral counterion. They found that the ca-... 

Alcohols are hydrocarbons with one or more hydrogen atoms substituted by hydroxyl (-OH) groups. Compounds with one hydroxyl group are called alcohols, those with two are called glycols, and those with three hydroxyls are called glycerols. Alcohols are used extensively in industries as solvents for the manufacture of a variety of products. Generally, all alcohols cause irritation to the mucous membranes with mild narcotic effect. There are important classes of alcohols, namely, allyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and propyl alcohol. 

Functional group That group of atoms or atom within a molecule that is the most chemically reactive and gives the molecule its chemical characteristics. Compounds are classified and named accordingly, e.g. -OH functional groups in alcohols, named -ol as in linalool. 

Fats are made from one molecule of the trihydric alcohols, namely glycerol attached to three long-chain carboxylic acids (called fatty acids ) of various types. This is a tri fatty acid ester of glycerol and is one of a class of compounds called fats or lipids (Figure 4.9). 

On the other hand, no CT3H was detected among the products from the reactions of the CT) ions with methanol. Another general reaction of the alkyl ions with the corresponding alcohols, namely the condensation process ... 

Hallworth and Carless (1 ) discuss several possibilities for the effect of light liquid paraffin on the stability of emulsions with light petroleum or chlorobenzene as the main components. They seem to prefer an explanation previously advanced by them and several other authors for the effect of fatty alcohol, namely that the increased stability is due to the formation of an interfacial complex between the additive and sodium hexadecyl sulphate. The condenced mixed film will resist coalescence primarily by virtue of its rheological properties. With mixed films of the present type, the importance of the film viscoelasticity lies in its ability to maintain electrical repulsion between approaching droplets by preventing lateral displacement of the adsorbed ions. The effective paraffinic oil has chains at least as long as those of the alkyl sulphate and will be associated by van der Waals forces with the hydrocarbon chain of the alkyl sulphate at the interface. 

Bile alcohols are polyhydroxy C27 sterols that serve as intermediates in the biosjmthesis of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid from cholesterol (1, 2). Recently several studies have shown that increased amounts of bile alcohols namely 27-nor-5p-cholestane-3a,7a,12a,24, 25-pentol and 5P-cholestane-3a, 7a,12a,25,26-pentol are excreted (as glucuronides in urine of patients with liver diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis (3), liver cirrhosis (4, 5) and a-antitrypsin deficiency (6). Ichimiya et. al., described the occurrence of 5P-cholestane-3a,7a,12a,26,27-pentol (5P-cyprinol) and 5P-cholestane-3a,7a,... 

Stanners et al. [29] used VSFS to study the structure of the alcohols at the liquid I air interface. For low-molecular-mass alcohols, namely, methanol to butanol, the alcohol molecule is oriented with the hydroxy group in the liquid and the alkyl group pointing into the gas phase. This orientation is attributed to the effects of hydrogen bonding involving the hydroxy group and other alcohol molecules in the bulk. The infrared data involved both the -OH and -CH stretch-... 

Experiments on a laboratory scale will serve to test different catalytic systems for the synthesis of alcohols, namely Cu/Zn-type and Cu/Co-type catalysts. Therefore, recycle reactors will be used in the laboratory to evaluate catalyst performance in terms of activity and selectivity. 

The above-mentioned alcohols are by far the most common. Butyl alcohol is not as commonly used as the first four in the series, but it is used. Secondary butyl alcohol and tertiary butyl alcohol, named because of the type of carbon atom in the molecule to which the hydroxyl radical is attached, must be mentioned because they are flammable liquids, while isobutyl alcohol has a flash point of 100°F. All of the alcohols of the first four carbon atoms in the alkanes, therefore, are extremely hazardous because of their combustion characteristics. 

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